Chapter 4 Flashcards
T or F: Your senses actively shape info about the outside world
T
Stimulus
any form of energy to which the sense organs (senses) can respond
Senses
systems translate info from outside the nervous system into neural activity
Sensations
messages from the senses that make up raw info that affects behavior & mental processes, sense organs respond to external stimuli
Perception
process through which messages from the senses are given meaning, brain’s interpretation of sensation
Accessory Structures
modify incoming energy, reshape incoming energy (light, sound)
Examples of accessory structures
pinna of the ear and lens of the eye
Neural receptors
receptor cells, perform transduction, changes environmental stimuli into neural activity
Sensory nerves
afferent neurons, transfer info from the receptor cells to the CNS
Info goes to the thalamus except for…
smell
Message is received in CNS - [blank]
cerebral cortex
Sound
the repetitive fluctuation in the pressure of a medium such as air/water
Amplitude
height from baseline to peak
Wavelength
distance from peak to peak
Frequency
cycles per second (Hz)
Physiological dimensions of sound
determined by physical characteristics: amplitude & frequency
Amplitude
loudness. greater amplitude, louder sound
Frequency
pitch, how high/low a tone is
Timbre
quality of sound, helps you determine a note played on a flute v a clarinet
3 sections of the ear
outer, middle & inner
2 parts of the outer ear
pinnna, auditory (ear) canal
pinna
collects and shapes sound
auditory (ear) canal
passageway
2 parts of the middle ear
tympanic membrane, ossicles
Tympanic membrane
ear drum, vibrates
Ossicles
Three tiny bones: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) & stapes (stirrup). amplify sound
5 parts of the inner ear
oval window, cochlea, basilar membrane, organ of Corti, acoustic/auditory nerve
cochlea
snail-like structure, transduction occurs here
transduction
turns a sensory stimulus into neural activity
Basilar membrane
sheet of tissue that runs the length of the cochlea
Organ of Corti
rests on Basilar membrane, contains thousands of tiny hair cells, tranduces sound into neural signals, hair cells connect to the acoustic/auditory nerve
Acoustic/auditory nerve
bundle of nerves that goes into the auditory complex in the temporal lobe
Auditory localization
partly by timing of sound arriving at each ear & partly by sound intensity difference at each ear
deafness
caused by damage/deterioration of the middle or inner ear
2 types of deafness
conduction (middle ear) and nerve (inner)
Conduction deafness
bones of middle ear fuse together, prevents accurate conduction of vibrations
Treatments of conduction deafness
surgery to break ossicles apart, plastic replacements for ossicles, hearing aids
Nerve deafness
results from damage to acoustic nerve or, more commonly, the hair cells, damage occurs gradually w/age
Possible environmental causes of nerve deafness
exposure to loud noises, ear buds on personal stereos
1 possible treatment of nerve deafness
cochlear implant
[Blank] is the stimulus of vision.
Light
T or F: Most light is visible to the human eye.
F
Light can travel without a [blank], unlike sound.
medium
Light intensity
how much energy light contains determines brightness of the light
Light wavelength
distance b/w peaks in light waves, short v long wavelength give the sensation of different colors
