Chapter 8 Flashcards
concepts
way of grouping objects. allow us to relate each object, event or idea
5 basic elements of a concept
distinctive features, protoype, exemplars, schemas, simplicity
distinctive features
defining attributes
prototype
image that captures the essence of concept, best representative of its category
exemplars
our actual memories of the concept in episodic memory
schemas
abstract knowledge structures, organize a vast amount of info, recognize a concept, set pattern of thinking/behaving
script
schemas about familiar activies
simplicity
when confronted w/an example, we reduce the simplest category or rule that would cover all examples
language
system of symbols & the rules for combining these symbols that generate an infinite number of messages and meanings
5 components of language
phoneme, morpheme, words, words + phrases, pragmatics
phoneme
smallest/basic units of sound affecting speech
morpheme
smallest unit of language that has meaning
words
made up of morphemes
phrases & sentences
made up of words, syntax becomes important
pragmatics
social conventions of language, use of language in social settings
birth-2 mo
crying
2-5 mo
cooing
6-12 mo
babbling
10-12 mo
can understand several words, comprehension v expressive language, use of non-verbals
12 mo
1st recognizable word, 1-word speech, holophrases, under/overproduction
holophrases
using 1 word to communicate a whole sentence
overextension
overusing the meaning of a word
underextension
underusing the meaning of a word
18 mo
vocab expands dramatically, first sentence
36 mo
expansion includes changes in syntax, syntactical development, overgeneralization/overregulation, begin to form complex sentences
T or F: You acquire most grammar rules by age 7.
F, age 5
Infant Directed Speech
aka baby talk
How is language acquired?
conditioning & modeling
