Chapter 10 Flashcards
intelligence
the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, to deal adaptively with the environment
3 theories of intelligence
Spearman’s, Cattell’s, & Gardner’s
Spearman’s Theory
used factor analysis, scores on almost all tests of cognitive abilities were positively correlated. thus, people doing well on 1 test also tended to do well on all of the others. correlations were created by general cognitive abilites (general intellingence)
g factor
general intelligence
Cattell’s Theory
suggested two kinds of g-factors
2 kinds of g-factors
fluid & crystallized abilities
fluid intelligence
basic problem solving & reasoning, ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations, innate, inherited reasoning abilities, memory and speed of info processing
crystallized intelligence
specific knowledge gained by using/applying fluid intelligence, ability to apply previously applied knowledge, verbal (experience, education, environment)
Gardner’s Theory
Multiple Intelligences
8 multiple intelligences
linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalistic
Alfred Binet
developed first IQ test
Binet’s test
30-item test given to students who were candidates for the special classes based on teacher recommendation. Test measured child’s mental age, compared test scores to chronological age & believed MA should equal CA. used a difference score to determine if students were candidates for special classes
difference score
MA-CA = -2 years or more
William Stern
challenged the psychometrics of the Binet test, looked at intelligence in terms of a ratio of mental age
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
IQ=(MA/CA) * 100
Terman
used Stern’s view of intelligence as a ratio, revised original Binet test and came up with Stanford-Binet
2 modern types of IQ tests
individual (1 group to 1 examiner) and group (many examinees, pencil and paper)
T or F: We still use mental age in IQ tests
F
Using the normal curve with IQ, what is the mean and std dev for IQ?
mean IQ: 100, standard deviation: 15 or 16
2 most widely-used individual IQ tests
Stanford-Binet and Weschler
Stanford-Binet test
gold standard for measuring intelligence in the 1920s. contains mostly verbal items, performance items were included.
David Weschler challenged Stanford-Binet test because it relied too much on [blank].
verbal skills
3 Weschler tests
WPPSI, WISC & WAIS
WPPSI
test for children 3-7 yo
WISC
test for children 6-17 yo
WAIS
test for kids of 16 up to adulthood
Group intelligence tests for WWI recruits
Army Alpha and Army Beta tests
psychometric standards (3)
reliability, validity, and standardization
2 types of reliability
Test-Retest and Parallel-Forms
reliability
consistently yields same results, testing results should be correlated
test-retest reliability
consistency of measurement over time, assessed by administering the measure to the same group of participants on 2 or more separate occasions and correlating the sets of scores
parallel-forms reliability
(aka alternate forms, equivalent forms) 2 versions of the test; given on 2 occasions, results should correlate
Validity
test measures what it says it measures, and well. test resuls should be correlated
content validity
whether the items on a test measure all the knowledge/ skills that are assumed to underlie the construct of interest, not statistical; experts in field
criterion-related validity
the ability of test scores to correlate with meaningful criterion measures, test should predict present/future outcomes that are influenced by the construct being measured, predictive, concurrent
concurrent
the external criterion is available at the time of testing
Standardization
involves development of norms, rigorously controlled testing procedures, instructions- also a set procedure for administering, scoring and interpreting the test
Top 2% of people in normal curve
gifted
Bottom 2% of people in normal curve
mentally disabled
intellectually gifted
IQ of 130 or higher, places them in top 2% of population, gifted is defined in terms of academic talent
mental retardation
developmentally delayed, low IQ, low adaptive behavior skills
4 levels of mental retardation (based on IQ scores)
mild, moderate, severe and profound
mild MR
IQ= 69-54, ABS: sixth grade level, can marry, maintain family, unskilled jobs
moderate MR
IQ= 54-35, ABS: second grade level (4-7 yo), can live with family
severe MR
IQ= 34-20, ABS: basic levels, can communicate vocally; lots of training
profound MR
IQ= < 20, ABS: constant supervision, mental age < 3 yo, v. limited communication
