Chapter 7 Flashcards
memory
the power to recall that which has already been learned
3 stages of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
encoding
must be coded in order to be communicated to the brain
how do you put info into your memory system?
through the 5 basic senses
storage
maintaining info in the memory system over time
2 parts of storage
capacity & duration
retrieval
locating/recalling info stored in memory
2 parts of retrieval
recall & recognition
recall
retrieve from memory w/o much help
recognition
aided by clues
information processing approach
earliest most influential and most comprehensive model of memory. info must pass through 3 stages of mental processing resulting in 3 types of memory.
3 types of memory
sensory, working & long term
sensory memory encoding
hold info for mental processing, based on 5 basic senses, have a register for each sense
what senses do we know the most about?
icons (looks) and echoes (sounds)
sensory memory capacity
limited quantity of info
sensory memory duration
extremely brief - less than or equal to 1 to 2 secs. echoes linger longer than icons.
sensory memory retrieval
once it’s gone, it’s gone
Decay theory (Theory of Forgetting)
If you don’t use it, you lose it.
Selective attention (cognitive process)
focuses on information, concentrate on it for transfer to working memory
Working memory
part of memory system that allows us to mentally work with or manipulate info
T or F: short-term memory is a component of working memory
T
working memory encoding
uses 5 basic senses
acoustic encoding
sounds like. even when presented visually, people tend to make more acoustic mistakes
visual encoding
looks like, fades more quickly
working memory capacity
limited.
The average adult can hold [blank] items/chunks of information.
7 +/- 2 (5-9)
working memory duration
lasts about 18-20 seconds w/o rehearsal
rehearsal (cognitive process)
transfer to LTM.
Elaborative rehearsal is better than [blank] rehearsal.
maintenance (rote)
chunking
meaningful groups of information
automaticity
knowing info so well, it becomes automatic
retrieval
recalling info from working memory
displacement
new info comes in to replace the old
attention
move info from SM to STM
maintenance/rote rehearsal
just repeating info over as given
elaborative rehearsal
give it meaning; repeat. relate it to something in LTM
2 types of long term memory
declarative and non-declaritive
declarative memory
includes factual memory
non-declarative memory
knowledge for acquired behaviors, non-verbal
2 types of declarative memory
semantic & episodic
semantic declarative memory
meaning, generalized knowledge, dictionary-type info
episodic declarative memory
memory for an event as it happened, personal events, diary-type info
procedural non-declarative memory
procedure, how-to, motor memory
working memory encoding - 2 levels
surface & deep
working memory surface coding
5 basic senses: structural (looks), phonolgoical (sounds)
working memory deep coding
semantic
semantic coding
menaing
working memory storage
virtually unlimited storage capacity and duration
working memory retrieval
connection b/w storage and retrieval, recall from memory
Why do we forget? 5 reasons
decay/fading theory, retroactive inhibition, proactive inhibition, motivated forgetting, brain damage
retroactive inhibition
old info is displaced by newer info. new info blocks recall of earlier learned info
proactive inhibition
new info is not encoded–older info is in the way, earlier learned info blocks the recall of new info
motivated forgetting
forget because it is too painful to remember
2 types of brain damage
anterrograde & retrograde
anterrograde amnesia
loss of memory for any event that occurs after a brain injury, can’t form new memories
retrograde amnesia
a loss of memory for events prior to a brain injury
4 strategies for improving memory
method of Loci, acronyms, rhyming, keyword
method of Loci
associate images of info w/places you know
