Chapter 9 Flashcards
The behavior of a substance without the altercation of the substance’s composition through a chemical reaction
Physical property
The behavior of a substance when it reacts or combines with another substance
Chemical property
All things of a substance; composed of atoms or molecules
Matter
A fundamental particle of matter; cannot he broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
Element
A chart of elements arranged in a systematic function; vertical rows are called groups or families, and horizontal rows are called series; elements in a given row have similar properties
Periodic table
A pure substance composed of two or more elements
Compound
A condition or stage in the form of matter; a solid, liquid, or gas
Physical state
A state of matter in which the molecules are held closely together in a rigid state
Solid
A state of matter in which molecules are in contact with one another but are not rigidly held in place
Liquid
A state of matter in which the attractive forces between molecules are small enough to permit them to move with complete freedom
Gas (vapor)
A physical change from the solid state directly into the gaseous phase
Sublimation
A uniform body of matter; different phases are separated by definite visible boundaries
Phase
A physical property of matter that is equivalent to the mass per unit volume of a substance
Density
A property that is not dependent on the size of an object
Intensive property
The temperature scale using the melting point of ice as 32 degrees and the boiling point of water as 212 degrees, with equal divisions or degrees between
Fahrenheit scale
The temperature scale using the melting point of ice as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees, with 100 equal divisions or degrees between
Celsius scale
A constant property of matter that reflects the amount of material present
Mass
A property of matter that depends on both the mass of a substance and the effects of gravity on that mass
Weight
The bending of a light wave as it passes from one medium to another
Refraction
The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a given substance
Refractive index
A solid in which the constituent atoms have a regular arrangement
Crystalline solid
The smallest unit of an element, which is not divisible by ordinary chemical means; are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons plus other subatomic particles
Atom
A solid in which the constituent atoms or molecules are arranged in random or disordered positions; there is no regular order
Amorphous solid
A phenomenon where most crystals refract a beam or light into two different light-ray components
Double refraction
A difference in the two indices of refraction exhibited by most crystalline materials
Birefringence
The separation of light into its component wavelengths
Dispersion
Colored light ranging from red to violet in the electromagnetic spectrum
Visible light
The distance between crests of adjacent waves
Wavelength
The number of waves that pass a given point per second
Frequency
The entire range of radiation energy from the most energetic cosmic rays to the least energetic radio waves
Electromagnetic spectrum
A high-energy, short-wavelength form of electromagnetic radiation
X-ray
An acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; light that has all its waves pulsating in union
Laser
A small packet of electromagnetic radiation energy; contains a unit of energy equal to the product of Planck’s constant and the frequency of radiation
Photon
Glass that is strengthened by introducing stress through rapid heating and cooling of the glass surfaces
Tempered glass
Two sheets of ordinary glass bonded together with a layer of plastic
Laminated glass
A bright halo that is observed near the border of a particle immersed in a liquid of a different refractive index
Becke line
A crack in a glass that extends outward like the spoke of a wheel from the point at which the glass was struck
Radial fracture
A crack in glass that forms a rough circle around the point of impact
Concentric fracture
