Chapter 3

Question 1

The process of determining a substance’s physical or chemical identity. Drug analysis, species determination, and explosive residue analysis are typical examples of this undertaking in a forensic setting

Answer 1

Identification

Question 2

The process of ascertaining whether two or more objects have a common origin

Answer 2

Comparison

Question 3

The frequency of occurrence of an event

Answer 3

Probability

Question 4

Properties of evidence that can be attributed to a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty

Answer 4

Individual characteristics

Question 5

Properties of evidence that can be associated only with a group and never with a single source

Answer 5

Class characteristics

Question 6

Multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency of occurrence for a genetic profile

Answer 6

Product rule

Question 7

A national fingerprint and criminal history system maintained by the FBI

Answer 7

Integrated automated fingerprint identification system (IAFIS)

Question 8

The state version of IAFIS which is linked to IAFIS

Answer 8

Automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS)

Question 9

Enables federal, state, and local crime laboratories to electronically exchange and compare DNA profiles

Answer 9

Combined DNA index system (CODIS)

Question 10

When officers make an arrest supported by probable cause to hold for a serious offense and bring the suspect to a station to be detained in custody, taking and analyzing a cheek swab of the arrestee’s DNA is, like fingerprinting and photographing, a legitimate police booking procedure that is reasonable under the fourth amendment

Answer 10

Maryland v. King

Question 11

A process for developing DNA profiles from a buccal swab in 90 minutes or less that are compatible with a CODIS search

Answer 11

Rapid DNA

Question 12

Maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives which allows firearms analysts to acquire, digitize, and compare markings made by a firearm on bullets and cartridge casings recovered from crime scenes

Answer 12

National integrated ballistics information network (NIBIN)

Question 13

The heart of NIBIN that is comprised of a microscope and a computer unit that can capture an image of a bullet or cartridge casing

Answer 13

Integrated ballistic identification system (IBIS)

Question 14

Contains chemical and color information pertaining to original automotive paints

Answer 14

International forensic automotive paint data query (PDQ)

Question 15

Used to identify shoe prints

Answer 15

Shoeprint image capture and retrieval (SICAR)