Chapter 6 Flashcards
A verbal description of a perpetrator’s physical characteristics and dress provided by an eyewitness
Portrait parlé
A system of identification of individuals by measurement of parts of the body, developed by Alphonse Bertillon
Anthropometry
A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics
First principle
Ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, and other ridge details, which must match in two fingerprints in order for their common origin to be established
Ridge characteristics (minutiae)
Skin cells nearest to the surface make up the outer portion of skin
Epidermis
Skin cells that make up the inner skin
Dermis
A boundary of cells separating the epidermis and the dermis; determines the form and pattern of the ridges on the surface of the skin
Dermal papillae
A fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and/or perspiration; it is invisible to the naked eye
Latent fingerprint
A class of fingerprints characterized by ridge lines that enter from one side of the pattern and curve around to exit the same side of the pattern
Loop
A class of fingerprints that includes ridge patterns that are generally rounded or circular in shape and have two deltas
Whorl
A class of fingerprints characterized by ridge lines that enter from one side and flow out the other side
Arch
When a loop opens toward the little finger
Ulnar loop
When a loop opens toward the thumb
Radial loop
The pattern area of the loop is surrounded by two diverging ridges
Type lines
The ridge at or nearest the type line divergence and located at or directly in front of the point of divergence
Delta
The approximate center of the pattern
Core
Formed by ridges entering from one side of the print and exiting on the opposite side
Plain arch
Similar to the plain arch except there is a sharp up thrust or spike, or the ridges meet at an angle that is less than 90 degrees
Tented arch
An ink less device that captures the digital images of fingerprints and palm prints and electronically transmits the images to an AFIS
Livescan
A fingerprint made when the finger deposits a visible material such as ink, dirt, or blood onto a surface
Visible print
A fingerprint impressed in a soft surface, such as putty, wax, soap, or dust
Plastic print
Are available in a variety of colors and when applied adheres to perspiration residues and/or deposits of body oils left on the surface
Fingerprint powders
A technique for visualizing latent fingerprints by exposing them to iodine vapors
Iodine fuming
A physical change from the solid directly into the gaseous state
Sublimination
A chemical reagent used to developing chemical latent fingerprints on porous materials by reacting with amino acids in perspiration
Ninhydrin
A silver nitrate-based reagent formulated to develop latent fingerprints on porous surfaces
Physical developer
A technique for visualizing latent fingerprints on nonporous surfaces by exposing them to cyanoacrylate vapors; named for the commercial product Super Glue
Superglue fuming
To emit visible light when exposed to light of a shorter wavelength
Fluoresce
A process through which a picture is converted into a series of square electronic dots known as pixels; the picture is manipulated by computer software that changes the numerical value of each pixel
Digital imaging
A square electronic dot that is used to compose a digital image
Pixel
Images composed of only black and white elements
Grayscale images
Reveals the degree of detail that can be seen in an image
Resolution
Used to identify periodic or repetitive patterns such as lines or dots that interfere with the interpretation of the image
Frequency analysis (frequency Fourier transform)
