Chapter 1

Question 1

Application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system

Answer 1

Forensic science

Question 2

Caused the public to believe that every crime scene will produce evidence, produces unrealistic expectations that a prosecutor’s case should always be bolstered and supported by forensic evidence

Answer 2

CSI effect

Question 3

Had influence on popularizing scientific crime detection methods through Sherlock Holmes

Answer 3

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Question 4

Father of toxicology

Answer 4

Mathieu Orfila

Question 5

Devised the first scientific system of personal identification; developed anthropometry

Answer 5

Alphonse Bertillon

Question 6

A systematic procedure of taking a series of body measurements as a means of distinguishing one individual from another

Answer 6

Anthropometry

Question 7

Undertook the first definitive study of fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing

Answer 7

Francis Galton

Question 8

Devised a relatively simple procedure for determining the blood group of a dried blood stain

Answer 8

Leone Lattes

Question 9

Established the comparison microscope as the indispensable tool of the modern firearms examiner

Answer 9

Calvin Goddard

Question 10

Developed the fundamental principles of document examination

Answer 10

Albert S. Osborn

Question 11

Advocated for applying microscopy to analytical problems, particularly forensic science cases

Answer 11

Walter C. McCrone

Question 12

Wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific disciplines to the field of criminal investigation

Answer 12

Hans Gross

Question 13

Demonstrated how the principles enunciated by Gross could be incorporated within a workable laboratory

Answer 13

Edmond Locard

Question 14

Whenever two objects come into contact with one another, there is exchange of materials between them

Answer 14

Lo card’s exchange principle

Question 15

Analyzes drugs seized in violation of federal laws regulating the production, sale, and transportation of drugs

Answer 15

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

Question 16

Analyze alcoholic beverages and documents relating to alcohol and firearm excise law enforcement and examine weapons, explosive devices, and related evidence to enforce the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970

Answer 16

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives

Question 17

Maintains laboratories concerned with criminal investigations relating to the postal service

Answer 17

U.S. Postal Inspection Service

Question 18

Applies principles and techniques of chemistry, physics, and geology to the identification and comparison of crime-scene evidence

Answer 18

Physical science unit

Question 19

Identifies and performs DNA profiling on dried bloodstains and other bodily fluids, compare hairs and fibers, and identify and compare botanical materials such as wood and plants

Answer 19

Biology unit

Question 20

Examines firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition of all types

Answer 20

Firearms unit

Question 21

Studies the handwriting and typewriting on questioned documents to ascertain authenticity and/or source

Answer 21

Document examination unit

Question 22

Examines and records physical evidence

Answer 22

Photography unit

Question 23

Examines body fluids and organs to determine the presence or absence of drugs and poisons

Answer 23

Toxicology unit

Question 24

Processes and examines evidence for latent fingerprints when they are submitted in conjunction with other laboratory examinations

Answer 24

Latent fingerprint unit

Question 25

A unit that conducts lie detector tests

Answer 25

Polygraph unit

Question 26

Ties telephoned threats or tape-recorded messages to a particular suspect

Answer 26

Voiceprint analysis unit

Question 27

This unit dispatches specifically trained personnel to the crime scene to collect and preserve physical evidence that will later be processed at the crime scene laboratory

Answer 27

Crime-scene investigation unit

Question 28

A process to ensure the careful and systematic collection, organization, and analysis of information

Answer 28

Scientific method

Question 29

The court must decide whether the questioned procedure, technique, or principle is “generally accepted” by a meaningful segment of the relevant scientific community

Answer 29

Frye standard

Question 30

The US Supreme Court asserted that “general acceptance”, or the Frye standard, is not an absolute prerequisite to the admissibility of scientific evidence under the Federal Rules of Evidence

Answer 30

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Question 31

The court unanimously ruled that the “gatekeeping” role of the trial judge applied not only to scientific testimony, but to all expert testimony

Answer 31

Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael

Question 32

A medical examiner discovered a high concentration of succinic acid. The defense argued that this evidence is inadmissible because the test was new. The court rejected this argument because the test was novel and devised specifically for this case

Answer 32

Coppolino v. State

Question 33

An individual whom the court determines to possess knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average lay person

Answer 33

Expert witness

Question 34

Addressed the practice of using evidence affidavits or laboratory certificates in lieu of in-person testimony by forensic analysts

Answer 34

Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts

Question 35

A recorded statement by a spouse was used against her husband in his prosecution. Crawford argued that this was a violation of his right to confront witnesses against him under the sixth amendment and the court agreed

Answer 35

Crawford v. Washington

Question 36

A specialized area in which the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings is examined

Answer 36

Forensic psychiatry

Question 37

Help identify victims when the body is left in an unrecognizable state; analyze dental records to identify remains or tie bite marks to a suspect

Answer 37

Forensic odontology

Question 38

Concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction, and causes and origins of fires or explosions

Answer 38

Forensic engineering

Question 39

Involves the identification, collection, preservation, and examination of information derived from computers and other Digital devices, such as cell phones

Answer 39

Forensic computer and digital analysis