Chapter 9 Flashcards
Legal documents that govern activities at various levels of government
Codes
Laws
SOPs
Codes
The two Model codes organizations in US are ICC international codes council and
CDC
NFPA
OSHA
NFPA
Facilities under jurisdiction of DoD enforce a different set of codes known as
US dept laws
Unified facilities criteria
National law sector
Unified facilities criteria
ANSI stands for
American national standard institute
the consensus standard committee (ASTM international) stands for
American society of testing and materials international
Locally adopted building codes regulate the type of construction based on the intended use, structure size and
-Number of occupants
-the presence or lack of an automatic fire suppression system
-local laws governing then
the presence or lack of an automatic fire suppression system
The construction materials and their _________ determine the type of building construction
Make up
Fire rating
Resistance to fire exposure
Resistance to fire exposure
(Building construction) Provides the highest level of protection from fire spread as well as structural collapse
Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame
Type I fire resistive
Reinforced concrete, precast concrete, and protected steel frame construction meet the criteria for
Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame
Type I fire resistive
Buildings classified as ____ are composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development or spread
Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame
Type II noncombustible
The most common form of this construction type includes metal framing members, metal cladding, or concrete block wall construction and unprotected, open web joists supporting metal roof decks
Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame
Type II noncombustible
This construction type is commonly found in mercantile, business, residential structures, and older schools
Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame
Type III ordinary construction
This construction type requires that exterior walls and structural members be constructed of noncombustible or limited combustible materials. Interior walls, columns, beams, floors and roofs are completely or partially constructed of wood
Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary construction
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame
Type III ordinary construction
This construction type is characterized by the use of large dimensioned lumber or laminated wood
Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame
Type IV heavy timber
This construction type is extremely stable and resistant to collapse due to the sheer mass of the structural members
Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame
Type IV heavy timber
In this type of construction, the exterior load bearing walls are composed entirely of wood
Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame
Type V wood frame
Size up, duration of fire, and _____ at the scene are more important indicators of structural collapse than the construction methods used
Fireground actions
Monetary loss
Number of firefighters
Fireground actions
Occupancy type that states any structure or compartment that is used for the gathering of 50 or more persons
Factory/industrial
Assembly
Business
Educational
Assembly
This occupancy type is normally divided into group area’s and individual working spaces. Fire and smoke can move unimpeded throughout large spaces
Factory/industrial
Educational
Business
Institutional
Business
This occupancy type is a structure that is used by six or more persons through 12th grade that meets for four hours in a day or more than 12 hours in a week
Educational
Healthcare, ambulatory health care, and detention and correctional are all part of what occupancy type
Business
Assembly
Institutional
Residential
Institutional
This occupancy type states locations where lodging, boarding, and personal care are provided to four or more residents who are unrelated to the owner or operator
Residential
Residential board and care
Ambulatory health care
Health care
Residential board and care
This occupancy type will provide care, maintenance, and supervision of persons or any age for periods of less than 24 hours per day
Health care
Residential
Day care
Day care
Occupancy type that is any building that is used to display or sell merchandise
Mercantile
occupancy type that provides sleeping Accommodations under conditions, other than those defined for healthcare or detention and correctional occupancies
Mercantile
Residential
Storage
Residential
The five categories for this occupancy type includes 1&2 family dwellings, lodging or rooming houses, hotels, dormitory, and apartment buildings
Residential
Occupancy type that is used to store goods, merchandise, vehicles, or animals
Mercantile
Storage
Residential
Storage
Building conditions for occupancy type
Rarely stay the same
Usually stay the same
Always stay the same
Rarely stay the same
This occupancy type is only recognized by the ICC and is used for buildings or structures that do not fit any other classification ie. barns carports towers sheds etc
Storage
Utility/miscellaneous
Mercantile
Utility/ miscellaneous
Structures containing Multiple occupancy types are considered to be
Utility/Miscellaneous
Mixed use occupancies
Storage
Mercantile
Mixed use occupancies
In the mix use occupancies, each structure is individually classified by its primary occupancy classification and separated from the other occupancies by the appropriate
Classification
Firewall separation
Boarder
Label signs
Firewall separation
When an automatic fire suppression system protects the entire structure, fire resistance rating requirements may be
Reduced
Increased
Limited
Reduced
During ____ personnel may be responsible for testing or assisting with testing fire protection system components
Inspections
Reviews
Pre plan
Inspections
This type of alarm may be activated manually. Smoke heat or flame can also activate them
Local
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Local
This type of alarm only sends signals on the premises where they are installed
Local
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Local
This type of alarm is only used in communities that have municipal alarm box systems
Local
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Auxiliary
These alarm systems are installed within a building and connected directly to a municipal alarm box located in the street adjacent to the building
Local
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Auxiliary
This alarm system is connected directly to the communications/dispatch center of the fire and emergency services organization
Local
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Remote station
This alarm system usually uses a leased telephone line, not a municipal fire alarm box circuit, to transmit an alarm
Local
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Remote station
One ______ type alarm system may cover up to five buildings and it may or may not have local alarm capability
Local
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Remote station
This alarm system is used to protect large commercial and industrial buildings, high rises, and groups of commonly owned buildings in a single location such as college campus or industrial complex
Local
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Proprietary
In this alarm system, the receiving point must be in a separate structure or in part of a structure that is remote from any hazardous operations and an employee who is trained in system operation and the protocols for handling system alarms should constantly staff the receiving point
Local
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Proprietary
This fire alarm systems receiving point is not in the protected premises and the owner of the protected premises does not employ the person receiving the alarm (alarm company)
Central station
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Central station
Supplementary systems installed on properties in addition to one of the other types of systems
Local
Emergency voice/alarm comm
Remote station
Proprietary
Emergency voice / alarm communications
The purpose is this alarm is to increase the capability of providing detailed information to occupants or emergency crews
Emergency voice/alarm comms
Auxiliary
Remote station
Proprietary
Emergency voice / alarm communications
This alarm system is owned and maintained by the fire and emergency services municipality
Local
Auxiliary
Remote station
Public fire alarm system
Central station
Public fire alarm system
Rapid fire development usually occurs in which stage
The incipient stage
The growth stage
Ventilation limited stage
Decay stage
The growth stage
When fire transitions from incipient to growth stage it begins to influence more of the compartments environment and has grown large enough for the environment to influence it. The first effect is the
Amount of air that is entrained into the fire
Amount of heat pulled to the fire
Cool air around the fire
Amount of air that is entrained into the fire
____ fire draw air from all sides and the entrainment of air cools the plume of hot gases, reducing flame length and vertical extension
Confined -in a corner or one wall
Unconfined -in middle of room
Unconfined
In a _______ the location of the fuel package in relation to the compartment walls affects the amount of air that is entrained and thus the amount of cooling that takes place
Structure fire
Vehicle fire
Compartment fire
Compartment fire
When the fuel package is not in the middle of a room, the combustion zone expands vertically and a ____ plume is released
Faster
Higher
Lower
Slower
Higher
A ____ increases the temps in the developing hot gas layer at ceiling level and increases the speed of fire development
Hotter plume
Higher plume
Cooler plume
Lower plume
Higher plume
A fire is said to be in the _____ stage until the fires release rate has reached its peak either because of lack of fuel or lack of oxygen
Growth stage
When a fire cannot grow without the introduction of a new fuel source or new oxygen source, it has left the growth stage and becomes
Ventilation limited
Fully developed
Peaked
Fully developed
The space between the air intake and the exhaust outlet is called
Flow path
Flow route
Flow train
Flow path
The appearance of isolated flames in the gas layer is sometimes an immediate indicator of
Flashover
Most residential fire that develop beyond the incipient stage become
Fully developed
Ventilation limited
Self extinguished
Ventilation limited
Even if temperatures decrease, _____ can continue
Fire
Extinguishment
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis
The charictoristics of the fuel and fuel loads in todays typical fires will cause fires to quickly become
Fully developed
Ventilation limited
Extinguished
Ventilation limited
In order for a ventilation limited fire to grow, it needs a new supply of
Oxygen
________ refers to the rapid transition from the growth stage or early decay stage to a ventilation limited, fully developed stage
Rapid fire development
A significant indicator of flashover is
Rollover
Rollover is distinguished from Flashover because it involves only the fire gases at the
Lower levels of the compartment
Upper levels of the compartment
No gasses
upper levels of the compartment
How does rollover contribute to flash over conditions?
The burning gases at upper levels of room generate tremendous amount of radiant heat, transfers to other fuels in the room
Changes in ventilation can alter the ventilation ____ and create rapidfire development, placing firefighters in extreme danger
Flow path
Exit
Entry
Flow path
The size number and locations of openings, as well as the velocity of the air being exchanged influence what
Air intake
Air vents
Ventilation
Ventilation
When a fire is in ventilation-limited decay, the introduction of new oxygen can trigger what
Flashover
Roll over
Pyrolysis
Flash over quickly
What can occur whenever sufficient oxygen, and ventilation are available for Fire growth
Flashover
Rollover
Growth
Flashover
____ May not occur in every compartment fire, such as a large area, compartment, or compartments with high ceilings
Flashover
Rollover
Flashover
Observing this from the exterior of the structure, gives you a good indication of fire behavior within the structure
Ventilation
Levels of neutral plane
Heat
Levels of neutral plane
This may indicate that the fire is in the early stages of development. Remember that high ceilings can hide a fire that has reached a later developed stage is can also indicate a fire above your level
High neutral plane
Mid-level neutral plane
Very low level neutral plane
High neutral plane
This could indicate that the compartment has not yet ventilated or that flash over is approaching
high neutral plain
mid-level neutral plane
very low level neutral plane
Mid-level, neutral playing
This may indicate that the fire is reaching Backdraft conditions. This occurrence could also mean that the fire is below you
high neutral plane
mid-level neutral plane
very low level neutral plane
Very low level neutral plane 
An increase in low level ventilation, such as opening a door or window prior to upper level ventilation can result in an explosively rapid combustion of flammable gases called
Flashover
Backdraft
Bleve
Backdraft
Backdraft occurs in the ____ stage in a space, containing a high concentration of heated flammable gases, but lacks sufficient oxygen for flaming combustion
Growth
Fully developed
Ventilation limited
Decay
The decay stage
This condition can develop within a room, a void space, or an entire building
Backdraft
Flashover
Rollover
Backdraft
Anytime, a compartment or space contains hot combustion products, firefighters must consider potential for backdraft before
Making entry
Crating any openings into the compartment
Spraying water
Creating any openings into the compartment
Air, current, changing directions, neutral plane lifting, Or smoke rushing out, are indicators of potential
Low level fire
Rapid fire development
Increasing temps
Rapid fire development
To some degree, the violence of a Backdraft is dependent on the extent to which the fuel/air mixture is
Heated
Cooled
Confined
Kinetic
Confined
Unless a compartment fire is in its incipient stage, the fire should be considered
Confined
Ventilation limited
Fully developed
Flashed over
Ventilation – limited
The flow path is composed of two regions. The hot exhaust flow out and the ____ air flow in
Cool
Hot
Ambient
Ambient
______ Is the actual and potential ventilation of a structure based on structural openings, construction type, and building ventilation systems
Ventilation
Preexisting ventilation
Post ventilation
Pre-existing ventilation
Pre-existing ventilation exchanges are primarily through the heating, ventilating, and
Windows
Air conditioning (HVAC)
Doorways
Air conditioning (HVAC) systems
Wind speeds as low as ___ mph can create wind driven fire conditions
5 mph
10 mph
15 mph
20 mph
10 mph
Wind conditions can create differences in pressure that can cause
Doors to open
Windows to fail
Temps to lower
Windows to fail
A _______ Occurs when a mixture of unburned fuel gases in oxygen comes in contact with an ignition source
Smoke explosion
Backdraft
Flashover
Smoke explosion
Smoke explosions are violent because they involve
Everything in order
Premixed fuel and oxygen
Hotter items first
Premixed, fuel and oxygen
The normal stages of fire development change when fire becomes ventilation limited. In modern fire environments, it is common to experience a ___ period Prior to flash over.
Ventilation
Decay
Fully developed
Decay period
When dealing with high ceilings, fire, fighter personnel may mistake floor level conditions for
The actual state of fire development
Unprotected engineered, steel and wooden trusses can fail after ____ to ____ minutes of exposure to fire
5-10
10-15
15-20
5 to 10
Steel begins to weaken at ______°F. This is the critical temperature of steel.
212
850
1000
1200
1000°F
What is the name of the metal plate on wooden trusses that fail quickly when exposed to heat
Truss plate
Gusset plate
Sheet metal
Gusset plates
An arched or curved outline often indicates a _______ ______ roof
Bowline roof
Bowstring truss roof
Flat roof
Bowstring truss roof
____ ventilation occurs when a structural member fails-Usually because of exposure to heat- and introduces new source of oxygen
Planned
Vertical
Unplanned
Unplanned
