Chapter 9

Question 1

Behavioural measure

Answer 1

An operationalization of a variable that involves directly observing and precisley recording behaviour

Question 2

Ceiling effect

Answer 2

The failure of a measure to detect difference because it was too easy and everyone does well

Question 3

Demand characteristics

Answer 3

Cues embedded in a study that inform the participant how he or she is expected to behave

Question 4

Double-blind procedure

Answer 4

An experiment in which neither the experiment nor the participants knows to which condition the participants has been assigned

Question 5

Experimental realism

Answer 5

The Extent to which the experience in a study are experienced by participants as impactful and engaging

Question 6

Experimental bias

Answer 6

Any intentional or unintentional influence that the experimental exerts on participants to confirm the hypothesis; also called experimenter expectancy effects.

Question 7

Filler items

Answer 7

Items included in a questionnaire measure to help disguise the true purpose of the measure

Question 8

Floor effect

Answer 8

The failure of a measure to detect a difference because it was too difficult

Question 9

Manipulation check

Answer 9

A measure used to determine wether the manipulation of the independent variable has had its intented effect on a participant.

Question 10

Manipulation strength

Answer 10

The degree to which levels of an independent variable differ from each other. In a weak manipulation, conditions are subtly different. In a strong manipulation, conditions are maximally different.

Question 11

Mundane realism

Answer 11

The extent to which the experience in a study are experienced in a study resemble closely an experience of the very day life.

Question 12

Physiological measure

Answer 12

An operationalization of a variable that involves observing and recording a response from the body.

Question 13

Pilot study

Answer 13

A small-scale study with a small sample, conducted prior to conducting an actual study, designed to test and refine procedures.

Question 14

Placebo group

Answer 14

A control group given the expectation of improvement through treatment, in order to control for the psychological effects of receiving a treatment.

Question 15

Self-report measures

Answer 15

An operationalization of a variable that involves asking people to explicitly indicate something about themselves.

Question 16

Sensitivity

Answer 16

The ability of a measure to detect difference or changes.

Question 17

Single blind procedure

Answer 17

An experiment in which participants do not know to which conditions they have been assigned, but the experiment does.

Question 18

Staged manipulation

Answer 18

Operationalization of an independent variable that involves creating a complex situation. Deception is often used to conceal the fact that the situation is a ruse.

Question 19

Straightforward manipulation

Answer 19

Operationalization that involves manipulating the independent variable using instructions or other stimulus material in a simple and obvious way.