Chapter 4

Question 1

Confounding variable

Answer 1

Variables that are seperate from the variable of interest but that intertwined withh variable of interest

Question 2

Curvilinear relationship

Answer 2

Increased value of one varible resulting in an increse and then a decrease of the other variable.

Question 3

Dependent variable

Answer 3

The variable measured in an experiment that represents some outcome of interest.

Question 4

Experimental control

Answer 4

This quality of good experimental design is achieved when only the independent variable of interest varies across conditions, and all features are kept the same.

Question 5

Experimental method

Answer 5

A method that tries to determine if variables are causally related, by manipulated variable (independent variable) controlling all other variables, and then measuring the effect on some outcome.

Question 6

Field experiment

Answer 6

An experiment that is conducted in a natural setting, out in the world, rather then in laboratory

Question 7

Independent variable

Answer 7

The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the researchers, in order to observe its effect on some outcome variable (the dependent variable)

Question 8

Internal validity

Answer 8

A quality experiment, referring to the certainty with which it can support causal inference, the degree to which the outcomes observed can be attributed to the manipulated independent variable

Question 9

Mediating variable

Answer 9

A psychological process that occurs between an event and a behaviroul response.

Question 10

Negative linear

Answer 10

A relationship between two variables in which increases in the values of the first variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the second variable

Question 11

Non-experimental method

Answer 11

Measuring variablea to determine whether they are related to one another, also called the correlational method.

Question 12

Operationalization

Answer 12

Definition of a variable that specefies the operation used to measure or manipulate it within a soecific study; also known as an operational definition

Question 13

Participant variables

Answer 13

A pre-existing characteristic or aspect of person that is of interest

Question 14

Participants variable

Answer 14

A pre-existing chatacteristic or aspect of a person that is of interest

Question 15

Positive linear relationship

Answer 15

A relationship between two varianles, in which increaes in the values of the first variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable

Question 16

Random assignment

Answer 16

In an experiment, using chance to dtermine which participants wnd up in which conditions, in order to control for the effects of extraneous variable not of interest to th researcher

Question 17

Response variable

Answer 17

A participant’s reaction to some event

Question 18

Third variable problems

Answer 18

The possibility that a third , unmeasured, variable is responsible for the observed association between other variables. Ruling out third variables helps us to incover causal relationship

Question 19

Variable

Answer 19

Any event, situation behaviour, or individual characteristics that varies.