Chapter 10

Question 1

Baseline

Answer 1

A form of control condition in which participants behaviour is measured during a control period, before introduction of the manipulation.

Question 2

Cohort effects

Answer 2

A cohort is group of people born at about the same time and exposed to the same societal events; cohort effects are confounded with age in a cross-sectional study.

Question 3

Control series design

Answer 3

An extension of the interrupted time series quasi-experimental design in which there is a comparison or control group.

Question 4

Cross-sectional method

Answer 4

A developmental research method in which people of different ages are studied at a single point in time; conceptually similar to a between subjects design

Question 5

History effect

Answer 5

Threats to internal validity, in which outside events not part of the manipulation influence the dependent variable; providing an alternative explanation for the results.

Question 6

Instruments decay

Answer 6

A threat to internal validity in which the characteristics of the measurement instrument changes over time, providing an alternative explanation for the results observed.

Question 7

Interrupted time series design

Answer 7

A quasi-experimental design in which a treatment is investigated by examining a series of measurement made over an extended time period, both before and after the treatment is introduced.

Question 8

Longitudinal method

Answer 8

A development research method in which the same people are observed repeatedly as they grow older; conceptually similar to a within-subjects design.

Question 9

Maturation effects

Answer 9

Threats to internal validity, in which any naturally occurring change within individual that occurs over time could provide an alternative explanation for the results.

Question 10

Múltiple baseline design

Answer 10

Múltiple baseline design observing behavior before and after manipulation under multiple circumstances ( across different individuals, different behaviours, or different settings.

Question 11

Non-equivalent control group design

Answer 11

A quasi-experimental design in which the groups of participants in the different conditions are not equivalent ie natural occurring groups and there is no pretext

Question 12

Non-equivalent control group pretest-post test design

Answer 12

A quasi-experimental design in which no-equivalent groups are used, but a pretest allows assessment of equivalency and pretest-post test changes.

Question 13

One group post test-only design

Answer 13

A quasi-experimental design that has no control group and no pretest comparison; a very poor design in terms of internal validity.

Question 14

One group pretest post test design

Answer 14

A quasi-experimental design in which the effect of an independent variable is inferred from the pretest posttest difference in a single group

Question 15

Program evaluation

Answer 15

Research design to evaluate program designed to produce changes or certain outcomes in a target population.

Question 16

Quasi experimental designs

Answer 16

A study design that has many features of an experiment, but due to necessity lacks some aspects of a true experiment design and so cannot support casual inference

Question 17

Regression towards the mean

Answer 17

A statistical phenomenon in which extreme scores on a variable tend to be closer to the mean when a measurement is repeated; this change can be mistaken attributed to some manipulation of intervention. Regression. To the mean is an alternative explanation for an observed change.

Question 18

Reversal design

Answer 18

An attempt to increase certainty in the effect of an intervention by demonstrating that the observed effects fade once an intervention is withdrawn. In a reversal design, also called a withdrawal design, the treatment is introduced after a baseline period and then withdrawn during a second baseline period. It may be extended by adding a second introduction of the treatment m.

Question 19

Selection difference

Answer 19

Difference in the type of participants who make up each group una between subjects and experimental design.

Question 20

Sequential method

Answer 20

A combination of cross sectional and longitudinal design to study developmental research questions

Question 21

Single case experimental design

Answer 21

A research design in which the effect of the independent variable is assed using data from a single participants.

Question 22

Testing effects

Answer 22

Threats to internal validity in which simply taking a pretest changes behaviour, without any effects of the independent variable.