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Bio 220 > Chapter 9 & 10 - Molecular structure of DNA and RNA > Flashcards

Chapter 9 & 10 - Molecular structure of DNA and RNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four criteria that genetic material must fulfil to be called as so?

A
  1. Information: it must contain the necessary information that make an entire organism.
  2. Transmission: It must be passed from parents to offspring
  3. replication: It must be copied in order to be passed from parents to offspring
  4. variation: It must be capable for change
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2
Q

Why genetic information must be capable of change?

A

To account for the known phenotypic variation in each species.

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3
Q

Who is the scientist that did experiment using two strains of bacteria?

A

It was Frederick Griffith.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of Smooth bacteria?

A
  1. It secrets a polysaccharide capsule

2. produce smooth colonies on a solid media.

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Rough bacteria?

A
  1. unable to secrete a capsule

2. produce colonies with a rough appearance.

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6
Q

What did Avery, Macleod and McCarty do?

A

They realized that Griffith’s observation could be used to identify the genetic material.

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7
Q

What did Hershey and Chase provided evidence for?

A

They provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material of T2 phages.

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8
Q

What are nucleotides made of ?

A

They are made of repeating unites of nucleic acids.

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9
Q

Why DNA have 3-D structure?

A

It results from folding and bending of the double helix.

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10
Q

What are the components of Nucleotides?

A
  1. phosphate group
  2. sugars
  3. Bases
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11
Q

What do we call the base and the sugar alone?

A

Nucleoside (Adenosine)

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12
Q

What do we call the base, the sugar and one phosphate group

A

Nucleotide (Adenosine monophosphate.)

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13
Q

What did James Watson and Francis Crick did?

A

They elucidated the double helical structure.

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14
Q

Who are the scientist that James Watson and Francis Crick based their framework on?

A
  1. Linus Pauling
  2. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
  3. Erwin Chargaff
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15
Q

What did Linus Pauling propose?

A

He proposed that region of the protein can be folded into a secondary structure called alfa helix.

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16
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin propose?

A

She used X-ray fraction to study wet fibers of DNA and provide information concerning the structure of a molecule.

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17
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff’s propose?

A

He pioneered many of the biochemical techniques for the isolation, purification, and measurement of nucleic acid from living cells. He analyzed the base composition of DNA isolated from many different species.

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18
Q

How many bases in a complete turn of helix?

A

There are 10 base pairs.

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19
Q

What is the length per complete turn helix?

A

It is 3.4 nm

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20
Q

What are the DNA sequence necessary for?

A
  1. RNA synthesis and cellular protein
  2. Compaction of Chromosome
  3. Segregation of chromosomes
  4. Replication of chromosomes.
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21
Q

What is a transposable element?

A

It is a segment of DNA that can move to different sites within chromosomes.

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22
Q

How long is bacterial chromosome?

A

It is few million base pair in length.

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23
Q

How long is Eukaryotic chromosome?

A

It is ten to hundred million base pair

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24
Q

How long is the genes in simple eukaryotic cell?

A

Several hundreds base pair in length.

25
Q

Why is the more complex eukaryotic cell longer that the simpler ones?

A

Because The complex ones have many intron.

26
Q

How long is the introns in complex eukaryotic cells?

A

It is from 100 to more than 10000 base pairs in length.

27
Q

What are the three DNA sequencing that are required for replication and segregation to occur?

A
  1. Telomere
  2. centromere
  3. origin of replication.
28
Q

What is the function of origin of replication?

A

It is necessary to initiate the replication process.

29
Q

What is the function of Centromere?

A

It plays roles in the segregation of chromosomes.

30
Q

What is the function of telemores?

A

It plays role in the replication and stability.

31
Q

where are the telemeters located?

A

They are located at each end of the chromosome.

32
Q

How many origin of replication in Eukaryotic cells?

A

There are multiple origin of replication.

33
Q

What is the reason for differences in size of chromosome in eukaryotic cells?

A

The reason behind that is the accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences

34
Q

Who discovered the transposable element?

A

The scientist Barbara McClintock from her classical studies in corn.

35
Q

What are the different transposition pathways?

A
  1. simple transposition: moves directly into the new target position
  2. Retro transposition: it moves via RNA intermediate.
36
Q

What is an Exons?

A

It is the region of genes that encodes for protein.

37
Q

How long is a single set of chromosome stretched?

A

It would be 1 meter long that must fit in 2-4 Micro meter diameter of cell.

38
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

It is DNA-protein complex.

39
Q

Are the Protein that are bound to DNA permanent or they changes?

A

They are subject to changes during the life of the cell.

40
Q

What is Nucleosomes?

A

It is the repeating structural units of within eukaryotic chromosomes.

41
Q

What is nucleosomes composed of?

A

It is composed of double stranded segment of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone protein.

42
Q

What is the histone protein composed of?

A

A globular domain and an Amino-terminal tail. It has many positively charged amino acids that get attracted to the negatively charge phosphate of DNA backbone.

43
Q

What are the four main type of histone?

A
  1. H2A
  2. H2B
  3. H3
    4 H4
44
Q

What is the function of H1 histone?

A

It helps organize adjacent nucleosomes.

45
Q

How many nucleotide base are there in RNA?

A

There are several hundreds to several thousands of nucleotide base pairs.

46
Q

How many template of DNA is used for RNA synthesis?

A

Only one template of DNA is used.

47
Q

Why occasionally RAN forms double helix structure?

A

It happens because of the complementary base paring between uracil, adenine, and cytosine and guanine.

48
Q

How many base pair are there in one turn of RNA double helix?

A

There are 11 to 12 base pairs.

49
Q

Which enzyme produces a double-stranded DNA molecule from an RNA transcript of a retrotransposon?

A

reverse transcriptase

50
Q

What are the mutable sites?

A

They are unstable regions on corn chromosomes that led Barbara proposal of the action of transposable element.

51
Q

What are the main structural features of TRNA molecule?

A
  1. 3 acceptor site

2. An anticodon.

52
Q

Why is the diameter between helices are constant?

A

Because hydrogen bonding is always between purines base (A and G) and Pyrimidines base (C and T)

53
Q

What is the function of enzyme Gyrases?

A

It introduces negative supercoil into the DNA

54
Q

What is the name of highly compacted chromsomes?

A

It is called metaphase chromosomes.

55
Q

What are the levels of chromosomes compaction?

A
  1. Wrapping DNA around histone octamers
  2. Formation of the 30 nm fiber
  3. Formation of loop domain
  4. condensing into a metaphase chromosomes.
56
Q

How to distinguish between Purine and pyrimidine?

A

by the ring structure of the nucleotide.

57
Q

Which kind of base pair gives more stability to the DNA sequence?

A

C and G base pairs because it has three hydrogen bonds where A and T has two hydrogen bonds.

58
Q

What do we call DNA molecules that differs in their nature and supercoiling?

A

Topoisomerase.

59
Q

What is the region called of highly compacted chromatin?

A

It is called heterochromatin.

Bio 220 (11 decks)

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