Chapter 13- Translation of mRNA

Question 1

What are the cellular components that play role in the translation?

Answer 1

1. Protein
2. RNAs
3. small molecules

Question 2

What is the role of proteins in cells?

Answer 2

They are the active participants in cell structure and function.

Question 3

What is the main function of genetic material?

Answer 3

It encodes the production of cellular proteins.

Question 4

Who is the scientist that first proposed the relationship between genes and protein production?

Answer 4

Archibald Garrod

Question 5

How did Garrod discover the relationship?

Answer 5

He studies patients who had defects in their ability to metabolize certain compounds. (Alkaptonuria)

Question 6

What is Alkaptonuria?

Answer 6

It is a disease characterized by black urine and bluish black discoloration of cartilage and skin.

Question 7

What was Beadle and Tatum experiment about?

Answer 7

The relation between genes, enzymes and traits. (is it one gene- one enzyme or one gene - multiple enzymes?)

Question 8

What the term polypeptides denotes for?

Answer 8

It denotes for structure.

Question 9

What the term protein denotes for?

Answer 9

It denotes for function.

Question 10

What is codon?

Answer 10

Three nucleotides

Question 11

Does translation and transcription occur at the same time in Eukaryotes?

Answer 11

NO

Question 12

Does translation and transcription occur at the same time in prokaryotes?

Answer 12

YES

Question 13

How many bases is the tRNA sequence?

Answer 13

It is about 90 bases.

Question 14

What is the A pocket called in ribosome?

Answer 14

aminoacyl site

Question 15

What is the structure of tRNA composed of?

Answer 15

1. Three stem loop structure
2. few variable sites
3. an acceptor stem with 3 prime single strand region.

Question 16

What is the enzyme that adds amino acids to tRNA?

Answer 16

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Question 17

How many Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are there?

Answer 17

There are 20 different ones.`

Question 18

What molecules are involved in the process of charging tRNA?

Answer 18

1. tRNA
2. Amino acid
3. ATP

Question 19

What is Ribosomes composed of?

Answer 19

They are composed of RNAs and proteins.

Question 20

What are the three stages of translation?

Answer 20

1. Initiation
2. elongation
3. Termination.

Question 21

What is the sequence of the start codon in Eukaryotes?

Answer 21

It is AUG, methionine.

Question 22

What is the sequence of the start codon in Prokaryotes?

Answer 22

It is AUG with a formyl group.

Question 23

Does prokaryotes have UTR sequence at the 5 prime end?

Answer 23

No, it doesn’t and therefore it has the formyl group added to the methionine.

Question 24

Where does mRNA binds to?

Answer 24

It binds to the 30s subunit facilitated by Shine-Dalgarno sequence.

Question 25

What is the function of Shine-Dalgarno sequence?

Answer 25

It facilitate the binding of mRNA into the 30s subunit.

Question 26

How does the 30s subunit and the 16s subunit binds to each others?

Answer 26

They are a complementary sequence to each other, they bind through hydrogen bonding.