Chapter 3 - Chromosomes transmission

Question 1

What are chromosomes composed of?

Answer 1

1. DNA

2. protein

Question 2

What is chromatin?

Answer 2

It is DNA - protein complex

Question 3

Does prokaryotic cells have nuculus?

Answer 3

No, it doesn’t

Question 4

Does prokaryotic cell have membrane bounded organelles?

Answer 4

No, it doesn’t

Question 5

Does prokaryotic cells have cytoblasm?

Answer 5

Yes, its cytoplasm enclosed by membrane.

Question 6

Does prokaryotic cell have rigid wall?

Answer 6

Yes, it has rigid wall outside the membranes

Question 7

What are the two types of animal cells?

Answer 7

1. somatic cells

2. gametes cells

Question 8

What is the cytogenetic?

Answer 8

It is the field that involves microscopic examination of chromosomes.

Question 9

What are the differences between chromosomes in homologous pair?

Answer 9

1. They are identical in size.

2. Have the same banding pattern and centromere location.

Question 10

What are the characteristic of sex chromosomes?

Answer 10

1. They are not homologous.
2. They differ in size and genetic composition.
3. They have short region of homology.

Question 11

What are the two purposes in cell division?

Answer 11

1. asexual reproduction

2. achieving multicellularity.

Question 12

How does the prokaryotic cell reproduce?

Answer 12

They reproduce asexually by binary fission.

Question 13

How many cells does the binary fission produce?

Answer 13

They produce two daughter cell by process of binary fission.

Question 14

What is the function of FTsZ protein?

Answer 14

It recruits other proteins to create new cell wall that separate the two mother cells into two daughter cells.

Question 15

What phases are included in interphase?

Answer 15

1. G1 phase
2. S phase
3. G2 phase.

Question 16

What happens during G1 phase?

Answer 16

A cell prepare to divide.

Question 17

What happens during S phase?

Answer 17

Chromosomes are replicated

Question 18

What happens during G2 phase?

Answer 18

The cell accumulate the material that are necessary for nuclear and cell division.

Question 19

What happens during M phase?

Answer 19

Cell goes through mitosis.

Question 20

What is a dyad?

Answer 20

It is a pair of sister chromatid.

Question 21

What is monad?

Answer 21

It is one chromatid.

Question 22

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Answer 22

The primary purpose of mitosis is to distribute the the replicated chromosomes to the two daughter cells.

Question 23

What are the five phases of mitosis?

Answer 23

1. prophase
2. prometaphase
3. metaphase
4. anaphase
5. telophase.

Question 24

What is the centrosome?

Answer 24

It is the attachment point of the mitotic spindle.

Question 25

How is the spindles are made?

Answer 25

They are formed by rapid polymerization of tubulin protein.

Question 26

What are the three types of microtubules spindles?

Answer 26

1. Aster microtubules
2. polar microtubules
3. Kinetochore microtubules

Question 27

What is the function of Aster microtubules?

Answer 27

They position the spindle appartus

Question 28

What is the function of polar microtubules?

Answer 28

They push the poles away from each other.

Question 29

What is the function of Kinetochore microtubules?

Answer 29

They attach to the kinetochore which is bound to the centromere of each individual chromosomes.

Question 30

What happens during Prophase?

Answer 30

1. nuclear envelope dissociates into small pieces.
2. chromatid condense into more compact structure
3. centromeres begin to separate

Question 31

What happens during prometaphase?

Answer 31

1. centrosomes move to the opposite ends of the cell forming the spindle pole.
2. spindle apparatus form
3. Kinetochore microtubules grow from the poles.

Question 32

How does the spindle apparatus form?

Answer 32

The spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids.

Question 33

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 33

1. pair of sister chromatids align themselves along a plane called the metaphase plate.
2. Each pair of chromatid are attached to both poles by kinetochore microtubules.

Question 34

What happens during Anaphase 1?

Answer 34

1. the connection that is holding the two sister chromatids together is broken.
2. Kinetochore microtubules shorten
3. polar microtubules lengthen

Question 35

What happens during telophase?

Answer 35

1. The chromosomes reach their respective pole and decondense.
2. nuclear membrane reform to from two separate nuclei

Question 36

What happens to plants during cytokinesis?

Answer 36

They from cell plate

Question 37

What happens to animal during cytokinesis?

Answer 37

They from cleavage furrow.

Question 38

What is the outcome of mitotic cell division?

Answer 38

Two genetical identical daughter cells.

Question 39

What are the 5 phases of prophase 1?

Answer 39

1. leptotene
2. zygotene
   3 pachytene
3. diplotene
4. diakinesis

Question 40

What happens during Leptotene?

Answer 40

The replicated chromosomes condenses.

Question 41

What happens during zygotene?

Answer 41

Synapsis begin

Question 42

What happens during Pachytene?

Answer 42

A bivalent has formed and crossing over has occurred.

Question 43

What happens during diplotene?

Answer 43

Synaptonemal complex dissociates

Question 44

What happens during diakinesis?

Answer 44

End of prophase 1

Question 45

What is the isogamous?

Answer 45

Some Eukaryotic cells that produce gametes that morphologically identical.

Question 46

What is heterogamous?

Answer 46

most Eukaryotic cell that produce gametes that are morphologically different.

Question 47

What does the head of sperm contains?

Answer 47

it contains a haploids nucleus, and a digestive enzyme

Question 48

what is the function of the digestive enzyme in the sperm?

Answer 48

It enables the sperm to penetrate the protective layer of the egg.

Question 49

When the does the primary oocytes intiates?

Answer 49

It initiates in meiosis 1