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Bio 220 > Chapter 3 - Chromosomes transmission > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Chromosomes transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A
  1. DNA

2. protein

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2
Q

What is chromatin?

A

It is DNA - protein complex

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3
Q

Does prokaryotic cells have nuculus?

A

No, it doesn’t

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4
Q

Does prokaryotic cell have membrane bounded organelles?

A

No, it doesn’t

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5
Q

Does prokaryotic cells have cytoblasm?

A

Yes, its cytoplasm enclosed by membrane.

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6
Q

Does prokaryotic cell have rigid wall?

A

Yes, it has rigid wall outside the membranes

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7
Q

What are the two types of animal cells?

A
  1. somatic cells

2. gametes cells

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8
Q

What is the cytogenetic?

A

It is the field that involves microscopic examination of chromosomes.

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9
Q

What are the differences between chromosomes in homologous pair?

A
  1. They are identical in size.

2. Have the same banding pattern and centromere location.

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10
Q

What are the characteristic of sex chromosomes?

A
  1. They are not homologous.
  2. They differ in size and genetic composition.
  3. They have short region of homology.
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11
Q

What are the two purposes in cell division?

A
  1. asexual reproduction

2. achieving multicellularity.

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12
Q

How does the prokaryotic cell reproduce?

A

They reproduce asexually by binary fission.

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13
Q

How many cells does the binary fission produce?

A

They produce two daughter cell by process of binary fission.

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14
Q

What is the function of FTsZ protein?

A

It recruits other proteins to create new cell wall that separate the two mother cells into two daughter cells.

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15
Q

What phases are included in interphase?

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase.
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16
Q

What happens during G1 phase?

A

A cell prepare to divide.

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17
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

Chromosomes are replicated

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18
Q

What happens during G2 phase?

A

The cell accumulate the material that are necessary for nuclear and cell division.

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19
Q

What happens during M phase?

A

Cell goes through mitosis.

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20
Q

What is a dyad?

A

It is a pair of sister chromatid.

21
Q

What is monad?

A

It is one chromatid.

22
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

The primary purpose of mitosis is to distribute the the replicated chromosomes to the two daughter cells.

23
Q

What are the five phases of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase.
24
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

It is the attachment point of the mitotic spindle.

25
Q

How is the spindles are made?

A

They are formed by rapid polymerization of tubulin protein.

26
Q

What are the three types of microtubules spindles?

A
  1. Aster microtubules
  2. polar microtubules
  3. Kinetochore microtubules
27
Q

What is the function of Aster microtubules?

A

They position the spindle appartus

28
Q

What is the function of polar microtubules?

A

They push the poles away from each other.

29
Q

What is the function of Kinetochore microtubules?

A

They attach to the kinetochore which is bound to the centromere of each individual chromosomes.

30
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A
  1. nuclear envelope dissociates into small pieces.
  2. chromatid condense into more compact structure
  3. centromeres begin to separate
31
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A
  1. centrosomes move to the opposite ends of the cell forming the spindle pole.
  2. spindle apparatus form
  3. Kinetochore microtubules grow from the poles.
32
Q

How does the spindle apparatus form?

A

The spindle fibers interact with the sister chromatids.

33
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  1. pair of sister chromatids align themselves along a plane called the metaphase plate.
  2. Each pair of chromatid are attached to both poles by kinetochore microtubules.
34
Q

What happens during Anaphase 1?

A
  1. the connection that is holding the two sister chromatids together is broken.
  2. Kinetochore microtubules shorten
  3. polar microtubules lengthen
35
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  1. The chromosomes reach their respective pole and decondense.
  2. nuclear membrane reform to from two separate nuclei
36
Q

What happens to plants during cytokinesis?

A

They from cell plate

37
Q

What happens to animal during cytokinesis?

A

They from cleavage furrow.

38
Q

What is the outcome of mitotic cell division?

A

Two genetical identical daughter cells.

39
Q

What are the 5 phases of prophase 1?

A
  1. leptotene
  2. zygotene
    3 pachytene
  3. diplotene
  4. diakinesis
40
Q

What happens during Leptotene?

A

The replicated chromosomes condenses.

41
Q

What happens during zygotene?

A

Synapsis begin

42
Q

What happens during Pachytene?

A

A bivalent has formed and crossing over has occurred.

43
Q

What happens during diplotene?

A

Synaptonemal complex dissociates

44
Q

What happens during diakinesis?

A

End of prophase 1

45
Q

What is the isogamous?

A

Some Eukaryotic cells that produce gametes that morphologically identical.

46
Q

What is heterogamous?

A

most Eukaryotic cell that produce gametes that are morphologically different.

47
Q

What does the head of sperm contains?

A

it contains a haploids nucleus, and a digestive enzyme

48
Q

what is the function of the digestive enzyme in the sperm?

A

It enables the sperm to penetrate the protective layer of the egg.

49
Q

When the does the primary oocytes intiates?

A

It initiates in meiosis 1

Bio 220 (11 decks)

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