Chapter 8.6 - Single-Pilot Human Factors Flashcards
What are the five elements of competency?
- Effective Lookout.
- Situation Awareness.
- Assess Situation and Make Decisions.
- Set Priorities and Manage Tasks.
- Effective Communication and Interpersonal Relationships.
What are the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety?
- Pilot-in-command.
- Aircraft.
- Environment.
- Operation.
What does SA stand for?
Situation Awareness.
What is the basic term of Situation Awareness?
Thinking ahead of the Aircraft.
Name five factors that contribute to Situation Awareness?
- Experience and Training.
- Physical Flying Skills.
- Spatial Orientation.
- Health and Attitude.
- Cockpit Management Skills.
What is Level 1 of Situation Awareness?
Perception of the current situation.
What is Level 2 of Situation Awareness?
Comprehension/Interpretation of the current situation.
What is Level 3 of Situation Awareness?
Projection of future events.
What will always be a Pilot’s first priority is anything were to go wrong?
Maintain control of the Aircraft.
Name three behavioural markers for Situation Awareness?
- Monitoring Flight Instruments and Communications.
- Monitoring Weather and Traffic Conditions.
- Prepare for contingencies (stay ahead of the curve).
What are the four phases of human information processing?
- Sensation.
- Perception.
- Decision.
- Response.
Information is detected by which two main parts of the nervous system?
- Eyes.
- Ears.
How long does the visual field content last for?
0.5 to 1 second.
How long does the auditory field content last for?
2 to 8 seconds.
New information in Short Term Memory lasts for a period of how many seconds?
10 to 20 seconds.
True or False. Newer information can flush out older information?
True.
From an information processing perspective, what are the three stages in formation and retrieval memory?
- Encoding/Registration.
- Storage.
- Retrieval/Recall.
What are the three distinct types of Memory?
- Sensory Memory.
- Short Term Memory.
- Long Term Memory.
Information retained in Long Term Memory can be classified into two types. Name them?
- Meaning (Semantic).
- Specific Events (Episodic).
Name factors affecting the decision-making process (4)?
- Stress.
- Fatigue.
- Attitudes.
- Pressure.
- Workload.
- Experience.
Define Arousal?
State of being awake.
Name four physical/environmental stressors associated with the cockpit environment?
- Temperature/Humidity.
- Noise.
- Vibration.
- Oxygen Deprivation.
At what temperature is the body most comfortable in?
22°C.
At what humidity is the body most comfortable in?
Between 40% and 60%.
Name five physiological stressors?
- Fatigue.
- Lack of Physical Fitness.
- Missed Meals.
- Some Medication.
- Dehydration.
Name two types of Stress in relation to its intensity?
- Acute (low).
- Chronic (high).
What is the name for the type of Stress linked to a short term nature?
Acute.
What is the most common type of Stress?
Acute.
What is the name for the type of Stress linked to a long term nature?
Chronic.
True or False. Acute Stress can be a good thing when it comes to flying? Why?
True. It heightens a Pilot’s awareness and improve performance.
True or False. Low level Stress and under-Arousal can equate to complacency and boredom which can be dangerous due to lack of attention?
True.
What is the term to describe the peak for Stress/Arousal levels?
Moderate/Alert.
What are the extremes in Stress/Arousal levels (2)?
- Low/Drowsy.
- Very High/Panic.
What is the term given to describe the difference between Pilot capabilities and task requirements?
Margin of Safety.
Name three areas of Stress Management?
- Long-range life stress.
- Cockpit stress.
- Go/No-Go Decisions.
True or False. Fatigue is only when a person feels tired?
False. A person who is fatigued is suffering from a lack of energy.
What are the two broad categories of Fatigue?
- Acute.
- Chronic.
What are the two durations of Fatigue?
- Acute is Short Term.
- Chronic is Long Term.
Name five Acute Fatigue which can affect a Pilot?
- Mild Hypoxia.
- Physical Exertion.
- Dehydration.
- Excessive Caffeine.
- Poor Cockpit Design.
- Environmental Factors.
- Mental Stress.
Why can Mild Hypoxia cause Acute Fatigue?
Due to the reduce levels of oxygen to the brain.
Name three Environment Factors that cause Acute Fatigue?
- Cockpit Noise.
- Vibration.
- Temperature and Humidity.
- Weather Conditions.
Name two other workloads can cause Acute Fatigue (hint on ground)?
- Preflight Checks.
- Paperwork.
- Cargo Manifest.
- Loading Luggage.
Which weather phenomenon can cause Acute Fatigue using Physical Energy?
Severe Turbulence.
Name three ways of minimising Acute Fatigue?
- Adequate Rest.
- Proper Diet.
- Regular Exercise.
Name five Hazardous Attitudes?
- Anti-Authoritarian.
- Impulsivity.
- Invulnerability.
- Macho.
- Resignation.
What does TEM stand for?
Threat and Error Management.
What is the purpose for TEM?
Increase safety when flying.
How does CASA define a Threat in Flight?
A situation/event that has the potential to impact negativity on the safety of flight.
Name two categorised Threats?
- External.
- Internal.
Name four types of external threats?
- Adverse Weather.
- Aerodrome Conditions.
- Air Traffic Control.
- Operational Issues.
- Aircraft.
- Ground/Ramp.
- Manuals/Charts.
Name four types of internal threats?
- Stress.
- Fatigue.
- Personal Traits.
- Hazardous Attitudes.
- Peer Pressure.
- Workload.
- Experience.
Detection of anticipated threat should be part of which flight process?
Planning.
Detection of unexpected threat should be part of which flight process?
Monitoring.
Name three classes of Errors?
- Aircraft Handling.
- Procedural.
- Communication.
What is a mismanaged error?
An error that is linked/induces an additional error.
What are the three basis of setting priorities and managing tasks?
- Aviate.
- Navigate.
- Communicate.
Task priority is important in managing what state of an Aircraft?
Undesired.
What are the three classes of Undesired Aircraft States?
- Aircraft Handling.
- Ground Handling.
- Incorrect Configuration.
Name four countermeasures for Threat and Error Management?
- Planning Countermeasures.
- Executing Countermeasures.
- Review/Modify Countermeasures.
- Interpersonal Relationships.
