Chapter 2.9 - Wake & Other Turbulence Flashcards
How is Wake Turbulence created?
By counter-rotating vortices from the Wingtips.
Turbulence generated within the vortices encountered at close range can damage what (2)?
- Aircraft Components/Equipment.
- Cause personal injuries to crew and passengers.
True or False. Whenever a Wing is producing Lift, Wake Turbulence will be produced?
True.
When does Wake Turbulence Start and Finish?
- Just after Rotation (beginning of Takeoff).
- At touchdown (Landing).
The strength of the vortices is determined by what (3)?
- Weight.
- Speed.
- Shape of Wing.
What 3 elements of an Aircraft that will produce the strongest Vortex before Takeoff and Landing?
- Heavy.
- Slow.
- Clean.
The major control hazard associated with Wake Turbulence is what?
Induced Roll.
How can Induced Roll effect an Aircraft?
Control Capabilities.
What area of an Aircraft generating Induced Roll should a Pilot avoid?
Behind and Below.
How many Nautical Miles does Vortex level off in ‘clean’ Conditions?
3NM.
How many Nautical Miles does Vortex level off in Approach Configuration?
5NM.
How many Feet does the Vortex level off below the generating Aircraft?
500ft – 900ft.
How does Headwind affect Vortex on a Runway?
Headwind pushes the Vortex downwind of the Runway more quickly.
How does Tailwind affect Vortex on a Runway?
Tailwind may keep the Vortex on the Runway for a longer period than normal.
How does Crosswind affect Vortex on a Runway?
Crosswind pushes the Vortex laterally/to the side of the Runway.
It is important a Pilot stays alert for the possibility of Wake Turbulence in which Wind Conditions?
Calm.
At Controlled Aerodrome, ATC will normally provide what information about heavy Aircraft to light training Aircrafts (4)?
- Position.
- Altitude.
- Direction/Heading.
- Phrase: ‘Caution – Wake Turbulence’.
Whether or not a warning or information on Wake Turbulence has been given, the Pilot is expected to adjust what to prevent Wake Turbulence?
Operations and Flight.
Prior to Takeoff and Landing, pilot should note what of the preceding Aircrafts in order to avoid Wake Turbulence?
Lift-off / Touchdown points.
During Cruising Flight in Class G Airspace, how should a Pilot opt to fly when encountering Wake Turbulence from a larger Aircraft?
Above and offset.
True or False. During Cruising Flight in Controlled Airspace, ATC will dictate the separation of Aircraft to avoid Wake Turbulence?
True.
What should a Pilot do when Landing behind a larger Aircraft on the same Runway (2)?
- Stay at or Above the larger Aircraft’s Final Approach.
- Note Touchdown points and Land beyond it.
What should a Pilot do when Landing behind a larger Aircraft on a parallel Runway (2)?
- Stay at or Above the larger Aircraft’s Final Approach.
- Note Touchdown points and Land beyond it.
What should a Pilot do when Landing behind a larger Aircraft with Approach Paths Crossing (2)?
- Stay high to avoid the Wake Vortex.
- Land further down the Runway if possible.
What should a Pilot do when Landing behind a departing larger Aircraft on the same Runway?
Land well before departing Aircraft’s rotation point.
What should a Pilot do when Landing behind a departing larger Aircraft on a crossing Runway where Rotation Point is after the intersection?
Continue Approach and Land before the intersection.
What actions can a Pilot do when Landing behind a departing larger Aircraft on a crossing Runway where Rotation Point is before the intersection (2)?
- If safe continue Approach and Land before intersection (if possible).
- Pilot should before a Go-Around.
What should a Pilot do when Taking Off behind a larger Aircraft on the same Runway (2)?
- Takeoff before Rotation point of larger Aircraft.
- Climb above larger Aircraft’s Flight Path.
What should a Pilot do when Taking Off behind a larger Aircraft on the same Runway that has a high rate of Climb?
Delay Takeoff for 2 or 3 minutes.
What should a Pilot do when Taking Off or Landing after a large Aircraft has executed a low Missed Approach/Touch-and-Go?
Delay Takeoff for 2 or 3 minutes.
Light Aircrafts should avoid Helicopters by what distance to elude any Turbulence?
3 times the Rotor diameter.
True or False. Helicopters can produce very strong Vortices?
True.
Where can Wake Turbulence separation standard be found in?
Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP).
When can smaller Aircrafts experience Thrust Steam Turbulence from larger jets (2)?
- During Taxiing.
- Takeoff Roll.
Thrust Steam Turbulence can be hazardous to smaller Aircrafts as it can lead to what (2)?
- Overturning the Aircraft.
- Structural Damage.
Name 5 factors which can cause damage to the Airframe and Control Surfaces?
- Vertical Gusts.
- Load Factors imposed by manoeuvring flight.
- Heavy Landings.
- Bird Strikes.
- Wake Turbulence.
Name 3 types of Turbulence which can cause Structural Damages?
- Rotor (downwash).
- Slipstream (prop wash).
- Thrust Stream (Jets).
How can damage from severe Turbulence to the wing effect the stalling characteristics of an Aircraft?
Stalling Speed would be higher than its level flight stall IAS.
