Chapter 2.9 - Wake & Other Turbulence

Question 1

How is Wake Turbulence created?

Answer 1

By counter-rotating vortices from the Wingtips.

Question 2

Turbulence generated within the vortices encountered at close range can damage what (2)?

Answer 2

• Aircraft Components/Equipment.

- Cause personal injuries to crew and passengers.

Question 3

True or False. Whenever a Wing is producing Lift, Wake Turbulence will be produced?

Answer 3

True.

Question 4

When does Wake Turbulence Start and Finish?

Answer 4

• Just after Rotation (beginning of Takeoff).

- At touchdown (Landing).

Question 5

The strength of the vortices is determined by what (3)?

Answer 5

• Weight.
• Speed.
• Shape of Wing.

Question 6

What 3 elements of an Aircraft that will produce the strongest Vortex before Takeoff and Landing?

Answer 6

• Heavy.
• Slow.
• Clean.

Question 7

The major control hazard associated with Wake Turbulence is what?

Answer 7

Induced Roll.

Question 8

How can Induced Roll effect an Aircraft?

Answer 8

Control Capabilities.

Question 9

What area of an Aircraft generating Induced Roll should a Pilot avoid?

Answer 9

Behind and Below.

Question 10

How many Nautical Miles does Vortex level off in ‘clean’ Conditions?

Answer 10

3NM.

Question 11

How many Nautical Miles does Vortex level off in Approach Configuration?

Answer 11

5NM.

Question 12

How many Feet does the Vortex level off below the generating Aircraft?

Answer 12

500ft – 900ft.

Question 13

How does Headwind affect Vortex on a Runway?

Answer 13

Headwind pushes the Vortex downwind of the Runway more quickly.

Question 14

How does Tailwind affect Vortex on a Runway?

Answer 14

Tailwind may keep the Vortex on the Runway for a longer period than normal.

Question 15

How does Crosswind affect Vortex on a Runway?

Answer 15

Crosswind pushes the Vortex laterally/to the side of the Runway.

Question 16

It is important a Pilot stays alert for the possibility of Wake Turbulence in which Wind Conditions?

Answer 16

Calm.

Question 17

At Controlled Aerodrome, ATC will normally provide what information about heavy Aircraft to light training Aircrafts (4)?

Answer 17

• Position.
• Altitude.
• Direction/Heading.
• Phrase: ‘Caution – Wake Turbulence’.

Question 18

Whether or not a warning or information on Wake Turbulence has been given, the Pilot is expected to adjust what to prevent Wake Turbulence?

Answer 18

Operations and Flight.

Question 19

Prior to Takeoff and Landing, pilot should note what of the preceding Aircrafts in order to avoid Wake Turbulence?

Answer 19

Lift-off / Touchdown points.

Question 20

During Cruising Flight in Class G Airspace, how should a Pilot opt to fly when encountering Wake Turbulence from a larger Aircraft?

Answer 20

Above and offset.

Question 21

True or False. During Cruising Flight in Controlled Airspace, ATC will dictate the separation of Aircraft to avoid Wake Turbulence?

Answer 21

True.

Question 22

What should a Pilot do when Landing behind a larger Aircraft on the same Runway (2)?

Answer 22

• Stay at or Above the larger Aircraft’s Final Approach.

- Note Touchdown points and Land beyond it.

Question 23

What should a Pilot do when Landing behind a larger Aircraft on a parallel Runway (2)?

Answer 23

• Stay at or Above the larger Aircraft’s Final Approach.

- Note Touchdown points and Land beyond it.

Question 24

What should a Pilot do when Landing behind a larger Aircraft with Approach Paths Crossing (2)?

Answer 24

• Stay high to avoid the Wake Vortex.

- Land further down the Runway if possible.

Question 25

What should a Pilot do when Landing behind a departing larger Aircraft on the same Runway?

Answer 25

Land well before departing Aircraft’s rotation point.

Question 26

What should a Pilot do when Landing behind a departing larger Aircraft on a crossing Runway where Rotation Point is after the intersection?

Answer 26

Continue Approach and Land before the intersection.

Question 27

What actions can a Pilot do when Landing behind a departing larger Aircraft on a crossing Runway where Rotation Point is before the intersection (2)?

Answer 27

• If safe continue Approach and Land before intersection (if possible).
• Pilot should before a Go-Around.

Question 28

What should a Pilot do when Taking Off behind a larger Aircraft on the same Runway (2)?

Answer 28

• Takeoff before Rotation point of larger Aircraft.

- Climb above larger Aircraft’s Flight Path.

Question 29

What should a Pilot do when Taking Off behind a larger Aircraft on the same Runway that has a high rate of Climb?

Answer 29

Delay Takeoff for 2 or 3 minutes.

Question 30

What should a Pilot do when Taking Off or Landing after a large Aircraft has executed a low Missed Approach/Touch-and-Go?

Answer 30

Delay Takeoff for 2 or 3 minutes.

Question 31

Light Aircrafts should avoid Helicopters by what distance to elude any Turbulence?

Answer 31

3 times the Rotor diameter.

Question 32

True or False. Helicopters can produce very strong Vortices?

Answer 32

True.

Question 33

Where can Wake Turbulence separation standard be found in?

Answer 33

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP).

Question 34

When can smaller Aircrafts experience Thrust Steam Turbulence from larger jets (2)?

Answer 34

• During Taxiing.

- Takeoff Roll.

Question 35

Thrust Steam Turbulence can be hazardous to smaller Aircrafts as it can lead to what (2)?

Answer 35

• Overturning the Aircraft.

- Structural Damage.

Question 36

Name 5 factors which can cause damage to the Airframe and Control Surfaces?

Answer 36

• Vertical Gusts.
• Load Factors imposed by manoeuvring flight.
• Heavy Landings.
• Bird Strikes.
• Wake Turbulence.

Question 37

Name 3 types of Turbulence which can cause Structural Damages?

Answer 37

• Rotor (downwash).
• Slipstream (prop wash).
• Thrust Stream (Jets).

Question 38

How can damage from severe Turbulence to the wing effect the stalling characteristics of an Aircraft?

Answer 38

Stalling Speed would be higher than its level flight stall IAS.