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Biology > Chapter 8- Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens after atrial walls relax?

A

Ventricle walls contract

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2
Q

What happens after the sinoatrial node generates electrical signals?

A

Walls of atria contract

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3
Q

What happens after atrioventricular node receives electrical signals from SAN?

A

Electrical signals transmitted down septum

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4
Q

What happens after ventricle walls contract?

A

Atrioventricular valves close

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5
Q

What happens after ventricle walls relax?

A

Semilunar valves close

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6
Q

If there are 2 ventricular systoles after the atrial systole in one heartbeat, what would happen?

A

Less blood leaves heart for each ventricular systole as ventricles do not have time to fill before contracting

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7
Q

A fetus has a hole in the septum between the R + L atria which allows blood to flow directly from right atrium to left atrium. Why?

A

-lungs not functioning so blood is not oxygenated in lungs thus pulmonary circuit bypassed

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8
Q

After birth, fetal haemoglobin replaced with adult haemoglobin. State differences + why important?

A
  • fetal Hb has higher affinity for oxygen
  • must be able to bind to oxygen in lower partial pressure in placenta
  • fetal Hb contains gamma sub units
  • creates higher affinity for oxygen
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9
Q

Why tissue fluid does not contain erythrocytes?

A

Too large to pass through fenestrations between endothelium cells

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10
Q

Role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen around the body?

A
  • oxygen binds to Hb in capillary to form oxyhaemoglobin

- oxygen dissociates from Hb + released to where needed

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11
Q

How hydrogencarbonate ions are produced in erythrocytes?

A
  • CO2 diffuses into erythrocytes
  • CO2 reacts with water + catalysed by carbonic anhydrase enzyme
  • forms carbonic acid
  • carbonic acid dissociates to form hydrogencarbonate ions + hydrogen ions
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12
Q

High concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood reduces the amount of oxygen transported by Hb. Name this effect + why it occurs

A
  • Bohr effect
  • reduces the affinity of Hb for oxygen
  • more oxygen released to where needed
  • CO2 binds to Hb forming carbaminohaemoglobin
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13
Q

What is meant by health?

A

Mental + physical well being and absence of disease

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14
Q

Why fetal haemoglobin curve is to the left of the adult haemoglobin curve?

A
  • fetal Hb has higher affinity for oxygen

- this is because it must be able to bind to O2 in low partial pressure in placenta

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15
Q

How substances that are dissolved in blood plasma such as O2 + glucose enter the tissue fluid from capillaries?

A
  • diffusion of substances down conc gradient
  • hydrostatic pressure in capillary is higher than in tissue fluid so plaster forced out down pressure gradient
  • as plasma moves out glucose + oxygen leave with it
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16
Q

Pressure fluctuates as blood flows along aorta. Why

A
  • ventricular systole of left ventricle increases pressure

- ventricular diastole of left ventricle decreases pressure

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17
Q

Term used to describe no. Of fluctuations per minute?

A

Heart rate

Not heart beat

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18
Q

What causes decrease in pressure as blood flows from sorta to arteries + arteries to capillaries?

A
  • blood flows into larger no. of vessels
  • total cross sectional area of arteries greater than of aorta
  • total cross sectional area of capillaries greater than of aorta + arteries
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19
Q

Why is it important that the pressure drops as blood flows from aorta to capillaries?

A
  • capillary wall is very thin as only cell thick

- high pressure would damage capillary wall

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20
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in arteriole blood?

A

High

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21
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid?

A

Low

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22
Q

Erythrocytes present in tissue fluid + lymph?

A

No

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23
Q

Advantages of keeping blood inside vessel?

A
  • maintain high bp

- flow can be directed

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24
Q

How artery can withstand pressure?

A
  • wall made of thick layer of collagen which provides strength
  • endothelium is folded
  • no damage to endothelium as it stretches
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25
Q

How artery can maintain pressure?

A
  • thick layers of elastic fibres to cause recoil

- smooth muscle constricts lumen

26
Q

Why wall of left ventricle is thicker than wall of left atrium?

A

-left ventricle needs to create higher pressure as pumps blood to all parts of body and thus has more muscle to create more force

27
Q

How pressure changes in the heart bring about the closure of the atrioventricular valve?

A
  • ventricular systole
  • this raises pressure higher than atrial pressure
  • the pressure generated by ventricular contraction pushes valves shut
28
Q

How to maintain pressure of blood vessels?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic tissue
  • collagen
  • barrow lumen
29
Q

Exchange surface in mammalian circulatory system?

A

Capillaries

Not alveoli as that is gas exchange system

30
Q

Transport medium in circulatory system?

A
  • blood

- plasma

31
Q

How can the amount of oxygen released by dissociated from oxyhaemoglobin be increased + what is this called?

A
  • presence of more CO2

- Bohr effect

32
Q

Detail visible is use scanning electron microscope?

A

3D shape

33
Q

Detail visible if use transmission electron microscope?

A

Can see surface detail

34
Q

Why curve for fetal Hb is to the left of the curve for adult haemoglobin?

A
  • fetal Hb has higher affinity for oxygen
  • fetal Hb must be able to bind to oxygen in lower partial pressure in placenta
  • at low partial pressure of oxygen, adult Hb will dissociate
35
Q

How to draw curve for Bohr shift?

A
  • to the right of dissociation curve of adult haemoglobin
  • starts from 0%
  • sigmoid shape
36
Q

Benefits of Bohr shift to actively respiring tissue?

A
  • requires more oxygen
  • it produces more CO2
  • so Hb involved in transport of CO2
  • so less Hb available to combine with CO2 so more oxygen released
37
Q

Roles of sinoatrial node + atrioventricular node in cardiac cycle?

A
  • SAN is a pacemaker which initiates the heart beat
  • sends impulse over atria walls
  • AVN delays impulse
  • AVN sends impulse down bundle of His along Purkyne fibres
38
Q

Ways in which wall of artery is different from wall of vein?

A
  • thicker
  • no valves
  • endothelium is folded
  • more elastic tissue
  • more collagen
39
Q

How high hydrostatic pressure of blood is generated in the heart?

A

Ventricular systole

40
Q

Why hydrostatic pressure of blood drops as blood moves away from heart?

A
  • more vessels
  • vessels have larger cross sectional area
  • loss of plasma from capillaries
  • reduced resistance to blood flow
41
Q

What happens to blood plasma at arterial end of capillary?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure of capillary greater than water potential
  • plasma moves out of blood down pressure gradient to form tissue fluid
  • proteins remain in capillary as too large to pass through capillary wall
42
Q

Type of muscle found in walls of heart chambers?

A

Cardiac

43
Q

Process that creates pressure inside heart chambers?

A

Systole

44
Q

What happens at 4th intersection?

A
  • pressure in ventricle is lower than pressure in atrium

- atrioventricular valve opens + blood flows into ventricle

45
Q

Define single circulatory system?

A

-blood passes through heart once for each circulation of the body

46
Q

Define closed circulatory system?

A

Blood is maintained inside vessels

47
Q

How action of heart is initiated + coordinated?

A
  • SAN acts as a pacemaker
  • impulse spreads over atrial wall
  • atrial systole
  • delay at AVN
  • impulse spreads down septum down bundle of His
  • ventricular systole from apex
48
Q

Why large multicellular organisms need transport system?

A
  • high metabolic rate
  • small SA:V ratio
  • diffusion too slow to supply enough nutrients
  • to prevent waste products building up
49
Q

Full name given to trace showing electrical activity of heart?

A

Electrocardiogram

ECG

50
Q

Why is there a short delay between excitation of atria + excitation of ventricles?

A
  • to allow time for atria to contract fully
  • to allow tome for ventricles to fill
  • so ventricles do not contract too early
51
Q

Purkyne tissue carries excitation wave down septum to apex of heart. Why to apex?

A
  • So ventricular systole starts at apex

- to push blood upwards and so efficient emptying of ventricles

52
Q

How weak and irregular heartbeat could result in fatigue?

A
  • lower bp
  • less oxygenated blood pumped to body
  • less O2 for oxidative phosphorylation in aerboic respiration
  • less ATP produced
53
Q

Fluid found in gas exhange tubes for insects?

A

tracheal fluid

54
Q

Why need well developed transport systems?

A
  • high metabolic rates
  • small SA:V ratio
  • diffusion not sufficient to maintain steep conc gradient
55
Q

How refreshing the air in air sacs helps to maintain step con gradient?

A
  • increases conc of o2
  • so conc of O2 higher than that in blood
  • decreases conc of CO2
  • so conc of CO2 lower than that in blood
56
Q

One way steep diffusion gradient is maintained?

A

-o2 binds with haemoglobin to keep conc in blood low

57
Q

How artery adapted to withstand pressure?

A
  • wall is thick
  • thick layer of collagen
  • which provides strength
  • endothelium folded
58
Q

How artery adapted to maintain high hydrostatic pressure?

A
  • elastic fibres to cause recoil

- thick layers of smooth muscle to constrict lumen

59
Q

What causes fluctuation in pressure as blood flows along aorta?

A
  • systole increases pressure

- diastole decreases pressure

60
Q

Why important that pressure changes as blood flows from aorta to capillaries?

A
  • capillary wall only 1 cell thick

- high pressure would damage the capillary wall

Biology (26 decks)

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