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Biology > Chapter 6- Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

How does yeast undergo cell division?

A

Budding

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2
Q

How does fungus undergo cell division?

A

Budding

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3
Q

How does bacteria undergo cell division?

A

Binary fission

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4
Q

Do fungi have nuclei?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is the cell wall of fungus made of?

A

Chitin

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6
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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7
Q

What features would not be found in xylem vessels that are present in undifferentiated plant cells?

A
  • no nucleus
  • no cytoplasm
  • no end walls
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8
Q

How does the cell wall of a xylem vessel differ from undifferentiated plant cells?

A
  • thicker
  • lignified
  • contain pits
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9
Q

Membran elf X specially adapted for communication. how?

A

Has glycoproteins for (chemical released)

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10
Q

Where does growth in a trunk or stem come from and where is it situated?

A

-cambium which is situated between the xylem +phloem tissues

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11
Q

Why branches growing from a position just under bark of cut surface of tree?

A
  • this is where cambium is found

- mitosis occurs in cambium

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12
Q

Where does growth occur in plants?

A
  • cambium
  • tip of shoot
  • tip of root
  • meristem
  • bud
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13
Q

State the stage in which independent assortment occurs

A

Metaphase I

Metaphase II

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14
Q

State the stage in which formation of spindle apparatus occurs

A

Prophase I

Prophase II

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15
Q

State the stage in which separation of sister chromatids occurs

A

Anaphase II

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16
Q

State the stage in which formation of nuclear membranes occurs

A

Telophase I

Telophase II

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17
Q

State the stage in which chromosomes pulled to opposite poles occurs

A

Anaphase I

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18
Q

Why meiosis needs to have twice as many stages as mitosis?

A
  • to halve the chromosome no.

- to separate homologous pair + sister chromatids

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19
Q

What feature of the DNA molecule is changed due to a mutation?

A

Base sequence

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20
Q

Effects mutation can have on structure + function of protein?

A
  • diff primary structure
  • protein shorter due to deletion or stop codon
  • protein longer due to insertion/ duplication
  • protein unchanged due to silent mutation
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21
Q

Ways in which genetic variation produced, including role of nuclear division?

A
  • independent assortment of homologous chromosomes
  • independent assortment of sister chromatids
  • crossing over
  • mutation
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22
Q

How crossing over causes genetic variation, including role of nuclear division?

A
  • in prophase I of meiosis I
  • forms chiasmata
  • so chromatids will have new combination of alleles
23
Q

How does independent assortment of homologous chromosomes cause genetic variation including role of nuclear division?

A
  • in metaphase I of meiosis I

- so homologous chromosomes come from different pairs

24
Q

How does independent assortment of sister chromatids cause genetic variation including role of nuclear division?

A
  • in metaphase II in meiosis II

- produces large no. Of allele combination

25
Q

How do mutations cause genetic variation including the role of nuclear division?

A
  • mutation changes the DNA base sequence
  • DNA checks did not recognise damage
  • change in amino acid sequence + primary structure
26
Q

How cells in multicellular organisms are organised?

A
  • cells differentiate
  • cells form tissues
  • tissues form organs
  • organs form organ systems
  • organ systems work together
  • e.g. digestive system
27
Q

Type of cell division that occurs in asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

28
Q

Why does the genetic material replicate before division of nucleus?

A
  • cells are genetically identical

- so each daughter cell receives full copy of DNA

29
Q

What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?

A
  • one maternal + one paternal
  • carry same genes at same loci
  • carry both same and diff alleles
  • centromere in same position
  • pair up in meiosis to form bivalent
30
Q

Types of epithelial tissue found in lungs?

A
  • ciliated

- squamous

31
Q

What is a tissue?

A

-a group of specialised cells that work together to complete a function

32
Q

Function of squamous epithelium and where it’s found?

A
  • short diffusion pathway as only one cell thick

- alveoli

33
Q

Function on ciliated epithelium and where it’s found?

A
  • secrete mucus + move mucus away from lungs

- trachea

34
Q

Student observes the cells in stained meristematic tissue + counts how many can be seen in diff stages of the cell cycle. Why did it need to be stained?

A
  • staining provides contrast between cell structures because diff structures take up diff amounts of stain
  • chromosomes can be seen
  • determined diff stages of cell cycle
35
Q

Ways in which products of meiosis are diff from products of mitosis?

A
  • not genetically identical
  • 4 daughter cells produced
  • they are gametes
  • one set of chromosomes (haploid)
  • contain half genetic info
36
Q

Ways cell division in plants differs from animals?

A
  • cell plate forms between new cells
  • only occurs in meristem
  • no centrioles
37
Q

Processes that happen in G1 and G2?

A
  • cell increases in size
  • organelles replicate
  • protein synthesis
38
Q

What happens during interphase?

A
  • generic material copied
  • checking genetic material for errors
  • protein synthesis
  • organelles replicate
  • ATP production
  • increase in cell size
39
Q

Why lungs can be considered an organ?

A
  • an organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a function
  • lungs have many diff tissues inc epithelium, smooth muscle, elastic, that work together to carry out a function
40
Q

What cellular structure is associated with movement of cilia?

A

Cytoskeleton

41
Q

During stage S, genetic info is copied and checked. What would happen if not checked?

A
  • could be a mutation
  • could be an error in copying
  • faulty DNA produced
  • daughter cells will not receive identical genetic information
  • proteins could function differently
42
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

-undifferentiated cell that has the ability to specialise + become other cell types

43
Q

Why mitosis is important to organisms?

A
  • growth
  • repair
  • asexual reproduction
44
Q

Adv of using umbilical cord stem cells instead of bone marrow stem cells in procedures?

A
  • greater availability of umbilical cord stem cells so more likely to find donors
  • easier to harvest
  • cells at earlier stage of development
  • can be stored for future
45
Q

Cancer treatments can pnot differentiate between tumour cells + healthy cells. Why are tumour cells more affected?

A

-tumour cells divide faster than healthy cells

46
Q

What 2 enzymes are used in DNA replication + what are their roles?

A
  • DNA helicase. Breaks the H bonds between the bases of the 2 DNA strands
  • DNA polymerase. Forms phospodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides to form sugar phosphate backbone
47
Q

What is meant by semi conservative replication?

A
  • the two original strands of DNA act as templates for the new strands to form
  • in the 2 molecules of DNA formed, each has a conserved original stand + a new strand
48
Q

Describe prophase?

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • centrioles move to opposite poles of cells
49
Q

Describe metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes line up along equator of cell

- spindle fibres from centrioles attach to centromeres

50
Q

Describe anaphase?

A
  • centromere divides

- spindle fibres contract pulling chromatids to opposite poles

51
Q

Describe telophase?

A
  • chromatids reach poles

- nuclear envelope reforms

52
Q

At what stage in mitosis, do you change the terminology from chromosomes to chromatids?

A

ANAPHASE

53
Q

Why genetical material must replicated before division?

A
  • cells genetically identical

- each daughter cell receives full copy

54
Q

Homologous pair of chromosomes?

A

-one maternal and one paternal
-carry same genes
-centromere in same position
-pair up in meiosis and form bivalent
-

Biology (26 decks)

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