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Biology > Chapter 15- Excretion > Flashcards

Chapter 15- Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

Why uncertain diagnosis may occur in px over 65?

A

Older people may have more complex medical problems

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2
Q

How peritoneum may differ in its function from artificial membrane in a dialysis machine used in haemodialysis?

A
  • can perform active transport

- can perform facilitated diffusion

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3
Q

Why px receiving peritoneal dialysis need to have the fluid replaced 4 times a day but those receiving haemodialysis only need treatment three times a week?

A
  • can remove less waste
  • in haemodialysis, dialysis fluid is constantly changed
  • haemodialysis maintains conc gradient as uses counter current flow. In peritoneal dialysis, the conc gradient reduces
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4
Q

Type of cell which RBC are formed and where this is found?

A

Erythropoietic cell

Bone marrow

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5
Q

Where is glucose selectively reabsorbed?

A

pct

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6
Q

Regions of nephron in cortex?

A
  • PCT
  • DCT
  • Collecting duct
  • bowman’s capsule
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7
Q

How longer loop of Henle able to prevent excessive water loss?

A
  • More Na+ C l- ions pumped out of ascending limb into medulla
  • builds up high water potential gradient
  • allows removal of more water from CD
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8
Q

Drugs for body building?

A

Anabolic steroids

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9
Q

Blood in glomerulus has high what pressure?

A

Hydrostatic

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10
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure do?

A

Forces small molecules such as water, urea, amino acids, it amino out of glomerulus

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11
Q

Process at glomerulus + BC?

A

Ultrafiltration

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12
Q

Where cells that detect decrease in water potential of blood found?

A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

Cells that detect decrease in water potential of blood?

A

Osmoreceptors

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14
Q

Walls impermeable to water?

A

Ascending limb

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15
Q

Most of water reabsorbed into blood?

A

PCT

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16
Q

Role of loop of Henle in production of urine?

A
  • role of loop of Henle is to cause a decrease in the water potential of medulla
  • descending limb permeable to water. Water removed from DL
  • AL impermeable to water. Active transport outwards of Na+ Cl-
  • water potential of tissues surrounding CD lower than fluid inside it
  • water
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17
Q

Organ that produces urea?

A

Liver

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18
Q

Pregnancy hormone?

A

hCG

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19
Q

Why high intake of protein will result in high conc of urea in urine?

A
  • high intake of protein leads to large amount of amino acids
  • excess amino acids cannot be stored
  • amino acids concerted to ammonia by deamination
  • NH3 enters ornithine cycle for conversion to urea
  • increased blood conc of urea leads to more urea in urine
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20
Q

How glomerulus able to perform its function?

A
  • afferent arteriole has bigger diameter than efferent arteriole
  • high hydrostatic pressure
  • endothelium wall of capillary wall has fenestrations
  • these allow ultrafiltration
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21
Q

Specialised cells in BC?

A

Podocytes?

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22
Q

Kidney failure. Composition of blood

A
  • high in urea
  • high in water
  • high in ions
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23
Q

Need for closely matching donated kidney to recipient?

A
  • if not closely matched, donated kidney will be recognised as foreign as the antigens will be different. Causes rejection by recipients immune system
  • need for suitable size of kidney in specific case e.g. if recipient is small child
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24
Q

How BC can perform function effectively?

A
  • basement membrane stops removal of large molecules

- podocytes have ginger like projections which ensure gaps to allow passage of substances

25
Q

How structure of Aquaporins prevent passage of ions?

A
  • positive charge in channel repels positive ions

- ions too large to pass through channel

26
Q

Glomerulus + PCT damaged. Differences in composition of urine compared to healthy person?

A
  • blood present
  • large amino acids present
  • glucose present
  • more water
27
Q

Effect on blood cells if water potential of plasma allowed to increase significantly?

A
  • water potential of plasma higher than that of blood cell
  • water enters blood cell
  • might burst
28
Q

What cells produce ADH?

A

Osmoreceptors

29
Q

What do osmoreceptors do?

A

Detect changes in the water potential of the blood flowing through the hypothalamus

30
Q

What gland is ADH secreted from?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

31
Q

Where ADH is removed from and what happens to it?

A

-in liver, hepatocytes will remove an amine group in deamination reaction to produce ammonia. passed to ornithine cycle and forms urea

32
Q

How pregnancy stick works?

A
  • testing for hCG
  • monoclonal antibodies on stick
  • these antibodies are attached to dye
  • hormone complementary to antibody
33
Q

Should steroids be permitted?

A
  • gives unfair advantage
  • have health risks e.g. depression, aggression
  • does not reflect athlete’s natural talent
34
Q

Why anticoagulant added to blood?

A

-so that clots don’t form during dialysis

35
Q

Why no anticoagulant added towards end of dialysis session?

A

Preventing low bp

36
Q

What happens at PCT?

A
  • selective reabsorption of glucose + amino acids

- water follows by osmosis so conc of urea, ions increases

37
Q

Why can hCG be detected in urine?

A

-has a molecular mass of less than 69000

38
Q

Characteristics that must be considered when using GFR to diagnose kidney damage?

A
  • age bc kidney function declines with age

- gender bc men + women have different muscle mass + this will alter production of creatinine

39
Q

Electron microscope?

A
  • 2D image
  • internal details visible
  • high magnification
  • high resolution
40
Q

Compare processes at PCT and DCT?

A 
Similarities 
-both involve selective reabsorption 
-both use active transport 
Differences 
-DCT involves ions only 
-PCT involves ions + molecules e.g. glucose + amino acids
41
Q

Why podocytes are unable to undergo mitosis?

A
  • already differentiated so cannot divide
  • shape too irregular
  • if mitosis occurred, it would alter no. Of fenestrations + would alter ultrafiltration
42
Q

Which organelle supplies CO2 + ammonia for ornithine cycle?

A

Mitochondrion

43
Q

How can you tell it’s HPV?

A
  • bigger lumen

- blood from gut entering through branched vessel

44
Q

Similarities between ultrafiltration + formation of tissue fluid?

A
  • both processes occur in capillaries
  • high hydrostatic pressure in both
  • blood vessels become narrower to maintain pressure
  • hydrostatic pressure greater than oncotic pressure
  • both involve basement membranes
45
Q

Differences between ultrafiltration + tissue fluid formation?

A
  • filtrate enters BC + then PCT. tissue fluid bathes cells
  • molecules jot reabsorbed by capillaries form urine. Molecules that are not reabsorbed will form lymph
  • blood filtered through 3 layers in ultrafiltration but only 1 in tissue fluid formation
46
Q

What would happen to person with lack of ADH?

A
  • frequent need to urinate
  • dehydration
  • mineral imbalance
47
Q

Why unusual for proteins to appear in urine?

A
  • too large
  • relative molecular mass greater than 69000
  • to pass through basement membrane
48
Q

Why proteins in urine symptom of chronic high blood pressure?

A
  • glomerular bp is greater
  • proteins forced through
  • damage to capillaries
  • damage to basement membrane
49
Q

Caffeine inhibits release of ADH. Effect of drinking coffee?

A
  • volume will increase
  • conc will decrease
  • fewer Aquaporins in membrane of CD
  • less water reabsorbed by osmosis
50
Q

What is transamination and why is it necessary?

A
  • conversion of one amino acid to another

- amino acids in body may not match body’s requirements

51
Q

Macromolecules that are broken down to form excretory nitrogenous waste products?

A
  • nucleic acids

- proteins

52
Q

Why urea excreted rather than ammonia?

A
  • NH3 is alkaline and so highly toxic
  • more soluble so would require large volumes of water to excrete it
  • would cause dehydration
53
Q

Feautures of glomerulus and BC that allow them to perform their function?

A
  • afferent artiole is wider than efferen arteriole
  • this causes high bp in glomerulus
  • thus higher hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus than BC
  • endothelium which is wall of capillary has gaps to allow passage of substances
  • basement memebrane stops removal of large molecules
  • podocytes of BC have finger like projections which allow passage of substances
54
Q

Why high intake of protein results in high conc. of urea in urine?

A
  • high intake of preotin leads to large amount of amino acids
  • excess amino acids cannot be stored
  • amino acids deaminated
  • large amounts of NH3 enter ornithine cycle for conversion to urea
55
Q

Condition indicated by glucose in urine?

A
  • diabetes

- kidney failure

56
Q

Cells of the collecting duct prevented from responding to ADH. symptom expected?

A
  • high vol of urine

- fewer aquaporins in membrane

57
Q

what features of adult stem cells make them suitable for regeneration of tissues in kidneys?

A
  • they are multipotent

- can differentiate to become any cell type within kidney

58
Q

What does it mean if error bars overlap?

A

no significant difference

Biology (26 decks)

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