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Biology > Chapter 18- Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 18- Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen?

A

Inner membrane

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4
Q

Where does kerbs cycle happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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5
Q

Why does aerobic respiration yield fewer molecules of ATP than the theoretical maximum?

A
  • some ATP used to actively transport pyruvate into mitochondrion
  • some energy released in ETC is not used to transport H+across inner membrane but released as heat
  • not all H+ movement is through ATP synthase
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6
Q

Why anaerobic respiration produces less ATP than aerobic respiration?

A
  • oxygen not available as final e- acceptor. Oxidative phosphorylation does not occur
  • only substrate level phosphorylation occurs
  • glycolysis- which is conversion of glucose to pyruvate. This produces net 2 molecules of ATP
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7
Q

Anaerobic respiration in animal cells can be reversed. Yeast cells can’t be reversed. Why?

A

-in animals: pyruvate reduced to lactate. Can be reversed as no atoms lost. Lactate dehydrogenase available to revise reaction
In yeast: pyruvate converged fo ethanol + CO2. Cannot be reversed as atoms are lost

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8
Q

Glycolysis?

A
  • phosphorylation of glucose does forming hexose bisphosphate
  • splitting into triode phosphate
  • Pi added to form triose bisphosphate
  • dehydrogenation to form reduced NAD
  • 4 phosphate removed so total production of 4 ATP
  • pyruvate produced
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9
Q

Why lactate converted into pyruvate by hepatocytes rather than by respiring cells in which it is produced?

A
  • hepatocytes can tolerate low pH

- conversion of lactate requires O2 + muscle cells don’t have enough O2

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10
Q

What would happen is the conversion of lactate to pyruvate was inhibited?

A

-build up of lactic acid. Could denature proteins due to low pH

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11
Q

Where in the liver excess reduced NAD can be oxidised to NAD?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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12
Q

Reaction that removes phosphate group from ATP molecule?

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

Alcohol fermentation. Hydrogen acceptor?

A

-ethanal

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14
Q

Alcohol fermentation. Intermediate compound?

A

Ethanal

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15
Q

Alcohol fermentation. Products?

A

Ethanol

CO2

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16
Q

Alcohol fermentation. Why this is important?

A
  • Releases NAD to accept more H so glycolysis can continue.

- ATP available for protein synthesis, DNA replication etc

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17
Q

When CO2 is produced?

A
  • oxidative decarboxylation (link reaction)

- kerbs cycle

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18
Q

Why there is an increased rate of respiration at higher temp?

A
  • have more KE
  • more ESC formed.
  • respiratory enzymes involved
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19
Q

Why higher rate of respiration in soaked seeds than dry seeds?

A
  • enzymes + substrates can move in soaked seeds
  • movement prevented in dry
  • soaked seeds require more ATP
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20
Q

Name of hydrogen acceptor in lactate fermentation?

A

Pyruvate

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21
Q

Benefit of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • ATP produced
  • recycles NAD so can be used again in glycolysis
  • glycolysis continues
22
Q

Products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • ATP
  • H2O
  • NAD
  • FAD
23
Q

Role of coenzymes in respiration?

A
  • NAD + FAD accept H and be reduced
  • reduced NAD + FAD supply e- to e- transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation
  • reduced NAD + FAD supply H+ to e- transport chain for chemiosmosis
  • CoA carries Acetyl group to krebs cycle
24
Q

Role of ATP?

A
  • universal energy currency

- phosphate can be removed by hydrolysis to release energy for metabolism

25
Q

Pyruvate doesn’t proceed to link reaction in anaerobic respiration. What happens in an animal cell and importance of this reaction?

A
  • pyruvate converted to lactate
  • catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
  • pyruvate accepts H from reduced NAD
  • NAD regenerated
  • allows glycolysis to continue
  • some ATP can be produced
26
Q

Importance of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • pyruvate loses CO2 to form ethanal. Catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase
  • reduced NAD giving H to ethanal
  • NAD regenerated so glycolysis continues
27
Q

What would happen if pyruvate not transferred to mitochondria efficiently?

A
  • less pyruvate for link reaction + krebs cycle
  • no oxidative phosphorylation
  • less ATP resulting in muscle weakness
  • anaerobic respiration takes place
  • lactate results in lower pH which causes aching muscles
28
Q

Parasites live in blood. Blood carries O2 but parasites still respire anaerobically. Why?

A
  • O2 is binded to haemoglobin

- haemoglobin has higher affinity for O2 than parasite

29
Q

What is given off from pyruvate to ethanal?

A

Co2

30
Q

What happens when ethanal turns to ethanol?

A

Reduced NAD turns to NAD+

31
Q

glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Calvin cycle involve triose phosphate. How do they work independently from each other?

A
  • take place in diff parts of cell
  • glycolysis in cytoplasm
  • Calvin cycle in stroma of chloroplast
  • Krebs cycle in mitochondrial matrix
32
Q

How endothermic animal prevents its body temp from decreasing when external temp decreases?

A
  • peripheral thermoreceptors stimulated by decrease in external temp
  • impulses sent to hypothalamus
  • vasoconstriction of arterioles to reduce heat loss by conduction
  • shivering. Involuntary muscle spasms to generate heat
  • erector muscles contract to raise hair to trap an insulating layer of air
33
Q

How does NAD act as a coenzyme?

A
  • accepts H and is reduced

- supplies H to ensyme involved in later stage of respiration

34
Q

Why are H+ actively pumped across the membrane?

A

To increase concentration gradient

35
Q

Why do H+ ions diffuse down ATP synthase ?

A
  • membrane is impermeable to ions

- ATP synthase provides hydrophilic channel

36
Q

Why e- released from FAC lead to synthesis of less ATP than e- released from NAD?

A
  • reduced NAD releases e- to carriers at start of ETC
  • reduced FAD releases e- to carriers after the start of ETC
  • FAD e- are transported for a shorter distance so fewer protons actively transported
37
Q

Why yeast cells are facultative anaerobes?

A
  • normally respire aerobically

- can respire anaerobically when needed

38
Q

Respiration pathway of triglycerides?

A
  • broken down into glycerol + fatty acids
  • fatty acids under do beta oxidation forming acetyl groups
  • acetyl groups are taken into Krebs cycle by CoA
  • glycerol converted to pyruvate
39
Q

Process of chemiosmosis?

A
  • occurs in mitochondria
  • involves matrix and inner membrane
  • ATP synthase embedded in membrane
  • H+ ions pumped out of matrix into membrane space
  • proton gradient created
  • H+ ions diffuse through hydrophilic transmembrane protein from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
  • ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP + Pi by proton movement force
40
Q

Production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation?

A
  • 2 ATP molecules per glucose from glycolysis
  • this is when triose bisphosphate is broken down to pyruvate
  • 4 ATP made in total. 2 used
  • 1 ATP produced per turn of Krebs cycle when 5c compound converted to 4c compound
41
Q

How the structure of galactose allows it to be used as a respiratory substrate?

A
  • bonds contain energy so bonds can be broken by respiratory enzymes
  • soluble so can move within cell
  • OH/H groups so can form H bonds with water
42
Q

Name of H acceptor after glycolysis in mammal anaerobic respiration?

A

pyruvate

43
Q

Name of H acceptor after glycolysis in yeast anaerobic respiration?

A

ethanal

44
Q

benefit of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • ATP produced
  • reclyes NAD so NAD can be used again
  • allows glycolysis to take place
45
Q

Role of coenzymes in lead cell?

A
  • NAD/ FAD/ NADP can accept H and be reduced
  • reduced NAD/FAD supplies e- to ETC in oxidative phosphorylation
  • reduced NAD/FAD supplies H+ for chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation
  • reduced NADP supplies H to calvin cycle
  • coenzyme A carries acetate to Krebs cycle
46
Q

How emphysema (shortness in breath) could result in fatigue?

A
  • less ventilation
  • less O2 for oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic respiration
  • less ATP produced
47
Q

A: peas B: glass bead + peas C: glass beads.
Why B has some glass beads.
respirometer?

A
  • to make vol the same in respirometers

- as without beads there woul be more O2 in B

48
Q

Why increased rate of respiration at 25c compared to 15c?

A
  • at higher temp there is more KE

- increased activity of respiratory enzymes e.g dehydrogenases

49
Q

Reason for difference in rate of respiration between soaked and dry seeds?

A
  • higher in soaked
  • movement of reactants limited in dry seeds
  • soaked seeds need more ATP bc they have an increased metabolism compared to dry
50
Q

What happens at glycoloysis?

A
  • phosphorylation of glucose by ATP forming hexose bisphosphate
  • splititng into triose phosphate
  • free inorganic phosphate ions present in cytoplasm phosphorylate forming triose bisphosphate
  • dehydrogenation. reduced NAD formed. pyruvate produced. 4 ATP molecules formed in total
51
Q

Why overwatering can kill plants?

A
  • water fills air spaces in soil
  • prevents O2 reaching root hair cells
  • no O2 so aerobic respiration cant occur
  • no link reaction/ krebs cycle/ oxidative phosphorylation
  • bc no oxygen to act as final electron acceptor
  • plant switches to anaerobic respiration
  • only glycolysis occurs
  • alcoholic fermentation occurs
  • pyruvate to ethanal. catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase. produces CO2
  • ethanal to ethanol. NAD regenerated.
  • ethanol is toxic
  • less ATP produced/ only 2 from glycolysis
  • less active transport
  • less photosynthesis

Biology (26 decks)

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