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Biology > Chapter 2- Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of smooth ER?

A
  • lipid + carbohydrate synthesis

- storage

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2
Q

Function of lysosome?

A
  • contains hydrolytic enzymes

- break down organelles, pathogens, cells

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3
Q

Function of ribosome?

A

Protein synthesis

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4
Q

Features of plant cells that are not features of animal cells?

A
  • vacuole
  • chloroplast
  • cell wall
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5
Q

Features of animal cell that are not present in plant cells?

A
  • centrioles

- lysosomes

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6
Q

Role of cytoskeleton?

A
  • maintains shape
  • holds organelles in place
  • movement of chromosomes in cell
  • provides strength
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7
Q

how do organelles work together to produce and release protein molecules from cells?

A
  • nucleus contains gene for protein. This is site of transcription
  • Ribosome on RER site of protein synthesis
  • vesicle transports protein to Golgi apparatus
  • this modifies and repackages proteins
  • another vesiclescontaining proteins fuse with CSM
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8
Q

Function of mitochondria?

A

Involved in aerobic respiration and produces ATP

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9
Q

Detail of organelle could not be seen clearly with light microscope. Why?

A
  • too small

- resolution not high enough

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10
Q

advantages of staining specimens?

A
  • increases contrast

- allows organelles to be identified

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11
Q

Types of extra cellular proteins secreted?

A
  • hormones
  • enzymes
  • glycoproteins
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12
Q

State stages during secretion of protein that require energy

A
  • transporting vesicle to CSM

- exocytosis

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13
Q

Role of Golgi apparatus?

A
  • receives ribosomes from RER in vesicles
  • modifies and repackages proteins in vesicles
  • makes lysosomes
  • lipid synthesis
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14
Q

Features in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • circular DNA
  • plasmids
  • 70s ribosomes
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15
Q

Added water to slide with blood. Cell burst
Added water to slide with epidermal cell. Did not burst.
Why?

A
  • cell cytoplasm has lower water potential than water
  • water moves into both cells down water potential gradient
  • water moves into cell by osmosis
  • CSM of blood cannot withstand pressure and bursts
  • epidermal cell has cell wall that can withstand pressure and becomes turgid
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16
Q

How to prevent cell bursting when looking under microscope?

A

Use solution with similar water potential

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17
Q

What is magnification?

A

The no. of times larger the image is to the object

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18
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two points and see detail

19
Q

How do images taken with SEM turn out?

A
  • 3D images

- can see surface

20
Q

Function of nuclear pores?

A

Allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus

21
Q

Describe how the ultrastructure of neutrophil is specialised to enable the engulf and digestion of foreign cells

A
  • many lysosomes
  • many ribosomes
  • many mitochondria
  • many receptors on CSM
22
Q

Function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

23
Q

Name structures associated with the cytoskeleton which bring about cell movement

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • flagella
  • cilia
24
Q

Processes inside cells that require cytoskeleton for movement?

A
  • cytokinesis

- movement of chromosomes

25
Q

Suggest why 2 mitochondria look different?

A
  • cut in diff planes

- mitochondria still growing

26
Q

How are vesicles moved from one organelle to another?

A
  • move along microfilaments and microtubules

- using ATP

27
Q

Why nuclear envelope has pores?

A
  • allow movement of molecules in and out of nucleus

- e.g. mRNA out of nucleus

28
Q

Advantages of staining (image included)

A
  • increases contrasts

- organelle X can now be seen

29
Q

Intermediate fibres?

A
  • gives mechanical strength

- maintains integrity of cell

30
Q

Microfilaments?

A
  • contractile fibres
  • made from actin
  • responsible for cel movement
  • e.g. cell contraction in cytokinesis
31
Q

Microtubules?

A
  • globular tubulin proteins polymerise to form tubes
  • form scaffold like structures
  • determines shape of cell
  • e.g. spindle fibres
32
Q

Empty magnification?

A

-magnification increased without increase in resolution so no more detail visible

33
Q

Role of vacuole?

A

Storage

34
Q

What are the organelles like in eukaryotic cells?

A

Membrane bound AND non membrane bound

35
Q

What does mitochondria contain?

A

Circular DNA

36
Q

Diameter of eukaryotic cell?

A

20-40 micrometers

37
Q

Diameter of prokaryotic cell?

A

0.5-5 micrometers

38
Q

How big are the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • 80s

- 22nm

39
Q

How big are the ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

A
  • 70s

- 18nm

40
Q

Does lysosome have an envelope?

A

No

41
Q

How many membranes does chloroplast have?

A

2

42
Q

Organelle extracted and kept in sucrose solution. Purpose of sucrose solution?

A

Prevents organelle from changing shape

43
Q

How images with transmission electron miscroscope are?

A
  • 2D

- internal details visible

44
Q

Roles of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • make up spindle fibres
  • provide strength
  • determine shape
  • movement of organelles
  • hold organelles in place

Biology (26 decks)

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