Chapter 8: Thought, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

Analogical

Answer 1

Mental representations that share some physical characteristics of objects

Question 2

Symbolic

Answer 2

Abstract mental representations of the object

Question 3

Categories

Answer 3

Grouping based on shared qualities

Question 4

Exemplar model

Answer 4

There is no best example of concepts that you have

Question 5

Prototype model

Answer 5

The best example of concepts that you have
-Superordinate
-Basic
-Subordinate

Question 6

Superordinate

Answer 6

What category does Mammal fall into?
- Mammals
- Dog
- Terrier, spaniel

Question 7

Basic

Answer 7

What category does Dog fall into?
- Mammals
- Dog
- Terrier, spaniel

Question 8

Subordinate

Answer 8

What category does Terrier or Spaniel fall into?
- Mammals
- Dog
- Terrier, Spaniel

Question 9

Confirmation bias

Answer 9

Focusing attention on information that supports our views

Question 10

Hindsight bias

Answer 10

Creating after-the-fact explanations

Question 11

Overconfidence bias

Answer 11

Overestimating the accuracy of one’s knowledge and judgements

Question 12

Anchoring

Answer 12

The tendency to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind.

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

The tendency to emphasize the potential losses or potential gains from one alternative

Question 14

Gain framed messages

Answer 14

Focus on what can be gained by choosing one alternative over another

Question 15

Loss framed messages

Answer 15

Focus on what can be lost by choosing one alternative over another

Question 16

Availability Heuristic

Answer 16

Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

Question 17

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 17

Placing a person or object in a category if that person or object is similar to one’s prototype for that category

Question 18

Affective Heuristic

Answer 18

Making decisions based on emotions

Question 19

Affective forecasting

Answer 19

The tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future

Question 20

Mental Sets

Answer 20

Problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

Question 21

Functional fixedness

Answer 21

Having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects

Question 22

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 22

Different languages impose different ways of understanding the world that can shape our thinking

Question 23

Brocas area

Answer 23

Important for producing grammatical sentences and motor movement for speech

Question 24

Brocas aphasia

Answer 24

Can understand words, but have trouble putting words together

Question 25

Wernickes area

Answer 25

Important for understanding speech

Question 26

Wernickes aphasia

Answer 26

Can speak, but what they say doesn’t make sense. They have trouble understanding written and spoken language

Question 27

G factor

Answer 27

A general intellectual ability assumed to underlie specific mental abilities and talents

Question 28

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 28

Cognitive skills and specific knowledge acquired over a lifetime
- Dependent on education
- Relatively stable over lifetime

Question 29

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 29

The capacity to reason and use information to solve problems
- Independent of education
- Tends to decrease with age

Question 30

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 30

The ability to identify emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.