Chapter 8: Thought, Language, and Intelligence Flashcards
Analogical
Mental representations that share some physical characteristics of objects
Symbolic
Abstract mental representations of the object
Categories
Grouping based on shared qualities
Exemplar model
There is no best example of concepts that you have
Prototype model
The best example of concepts that you have
-Superordinate
-Basic
-Subordinate
Superordinate
What category does Mammal fall into?
- Mammals
- Dog
- Terrier, spaniel
Basic
What category does Dog fall into?
- Mammals
- Dog
- Terrier, spaniel
Subordinate
What category does Terrier or Spaniel fall into?
- Mammals
- Dog
- Terrier, Spaniel
Confirmation bias
Focusing attention on information that supports our views
Hindsight bias
Creating after-the-fact explanations
Overconfidence bias
Overestimating the accuracy of one’s knowledge and judgements
Anchoring
The tendency to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind.
Framing
The tendency to emphasize the potential losses or potential gains from one alternative
Gain framed messages
Focus on what can be gained by choosing one alternative over another
Loss framed messages
Focus on what can be lost by choosing one alternative over another
Availability Heuristic
Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind
Representativeness Heuristic
Placing a person or object in a category if that person or object is similar to one’s prototype for that category
Affective Heuristic
Making decisions based on emotions
Affective forecasting
The tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future
Mental Sets
Problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past
Functional fixedness
Having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects
Linguistic Determinism
Different languages impose different ways of understanding the world that can shape our thinking
Brocas area
Important for producing grammatical sentences and motor movement for speech
Brocas aphasia
Can understand words, but have trouble putting words together
Wernickes area
Important for understanding speech
Wernickes aphasia
Can speak, but what they say doesn’t make sense. They have trouble understanding written and spoken language
G factor
A general intellectual ability assumed to underlie specific mental abilities and talents
Crystallized intelligence
Cognitive skills and specific knowledge acquired over a lifetime
- Dependent on education
- Relatively stable over lifetime
Fluid Intelligence
The capacity to reason and use information to solve problems
- Independent of education
- Tends to decrease with age
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to identify emotions accurately, express your emotions clearly, and regulate emotions in yourself and others.
