Chapter 11: Development

Question 1

Teratogens

Answer 1

Agents that harm an embryo or fetus (alcohol, drugs, etc.)

Question 2

Moro reflex

Answer 2

When startled, an infant will extend their arms and legs.

Question 3

Babinski reflex

Answer 3

When the sole of an infant’s foot is stroked, their toes will extend out.

Question 4

Palmer Grasp reflex

Answer 4

An infant will grasp at a finger placed in their palm.

Question 5

Tonic neck reflex

Answer 5

When relaxed, infants will extend one arm and curl the other.

Question 6

Stepping reflex

Answer 6

Infants will make stepping motions when their feet are placed on hard surfaces.

Question 7

Rooting reflex

Answer 7

When an infant’s check is rubbed, they will turn their head and try to suck.

Question 8

Sensorimotor

Answer 8

Infants acquire information about their world through their senses and motor skills.

Question 9

Object permanence

Answer 9

The understanding that an object continues to exist when it cannot be seen.

Question 10

A-Not-B Error

Answer 10

When an infant looks in the same place for a toy even when they saw it being moved.

Question 11

Preoperational

Answer 11

Children learn to think symbolically and engage in imaginative and pretend play.

Question 12

Egocentrism

Answer 12

Viewing the world through their own experiences.

Question 13

Conservation errors

Answer 13

If a substance’s appearance changes, they fail to recognize it quantity may remain unchanged.

Question 14

Centration

Answer 14

Unable to think about more than 1 detail of a problem-solving task at a time

Question 15

Concrete operational

Answer 15

Children begin to think about and understand logical operations. They are no longer fooled by appearances (lack abstract thinking).

Question 16

Formal operational

Answer 16

People can think abstractly and can formulate and test hypotheses through deductive logic.

Question 17

Theory of Mind

Answer 17

The ability to understand another’s mental state, develops around age 4.

Question 18

False belief task

Answer 18

A type of task in which children must infer that another person does not possess knowledge that they possess.

Question 19

Attachment

Answer 19

A strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances.

Question 20

James Robertson

Answer 20

One of the first to recognize and document the attachment difficulties of children staying in hospitals.

Question 21

John Bowlby

Answer 21

Created the Attachment Theory after working with delinquent children, children separated from their family by war, and children in orphanages.

Question 22

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 22

Built off Bowlby and Robertson’s work by demonstrating how secure and insecurely attached infants respond in novel situations in a task called the Strange Situation.

Question 23

Secure Attachment

Answer 23

Cries when the caregiver leaves, but is easily comforted by their return (60% of children); have healthy relationships as they age.

Question 24

Insecure Attachment: Avoidant

Answer 24

Do not cry when the caregiver leaves and avoids the caregiver when they return (10% of children); avoid emotionally close relationships.

Question 25

Insecure Attachment: Ambivalent

Answer 25

May cry when the caregiver leaves and is inconsolable when they return (15% of children); have difficulty with relationships due to fear of rejection or abandonment.

Question 26

Insecure Attachment: Disorganized

Answer 26

Do not show any consistent behavior during separation from and reunion with the caregiver (15-19% of children); want connections, but fear it so may have negative self-image.

Question 27

Vygotsky’s Contrtibution

Answer 27

Parents scaffold, or support, children as they learn to do things by themselves.

Question 28

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Answer 28

1) Preconventional level
2) Conventional level
3) Postconventional level

Question 29

Preconventional Stage

Answer 29

• Up to age 9
• Stage 1: Focus on avoiding punishment
• Stage 2: Focus on increasing personal gain

Question 30

Conventional Stage

Answer 30

• Early adolescence
• Stage 3: Emphasis on conforming to the majority
• Stage 4: Emphasis on the effects of the law

Question 31

Postconventional Stage

Answer 31

• Adulthood
• Stage 5: Focus on basic rights and democratic process
• Stage 6: Focus on universal ethics

Question 32

Egocentrism

Answer 32

The feeling of personal uniqueness

Question 33

Imaginary audience

Answer 33

The belief that others are constantly focusing attention on them.

Question 34

Personal fable

Answer 34

A belief in one’s uniqueness and invulnerability