Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards
Misinformation Effect
When a person mistakenly recalls misleading information
Association Networks
Certain words are related to other words (Ex. sleep with bed)
Repressed Memories
The idea that specific threatening or upsetting memories can be pushed into the unconscious and recalled accurately later
Eyewitness testimony
Among the strongest evidence in a case, but often the most unreliable
Encoding errors
These errors in Eyewitness testimony deal with:
- Weapon focus effect
- Other race effect
Re-consolidation and retrieval errors
These errors in Eyewitness testimony deal with:
- Unconscious transference
- Police line ups
- Suggestible questions
Maintenance rehearsal
Rote repetition of material
Elaborative rehearsal
Association of new information with already stored knowledge
Self reference
Encoding info in relation to self
Semantic
encoding meaning
Acoustic
encoding sound
Visual
encoding images
Multi-store Model of Memory
A model proposing that information flows from our senses through three storage levels in memory: sensory, short-term, and long-term
Sensory Memory
A storage level of memory that holds sensory information on the order of milliseconds to seconds
Short-term memory
A storage level of memory where information can be held briefly, from seconds to less than a minute
Working Memory
Limited storage that lasts about 20-30 seconds unless rehearsed. Can use Chunking to help remember as well. Holds 2-7 items.
Phonological loop
Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory
Visio-spatial sketchpad
Seeing mental images
Central Executive Function
Allows for the manipulation of information in short-term memory
Primacy effect
Initial items are stored in long-term memory more efficienctly
Recency effect
Last few items are still in working memory and are readily available
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to remember anything before brain trauma
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to form new memories
Memory Consolidation
The process whereby memory storage is integrated and becomes stable in the brain (time dependent, occurs after experiences have passed)
Explicit memories
A form of memory that involves intentional and conscious remembering; declarative (Ex. remembering your first bike ride)
Implicit memories
A form of memory that occurs without intentional recollection or awareness; nondeclarative (remembering how to ride a bike)
Episodic memory
The explicit recollection of personal experiences that requires piecing together the elements of that time and place (Ex. what you had for lunch yesterday)
Semantic memory
Explicit memory supporting knowledge about the world, including concepts and facts
Retrospective memory
Memory for the things we have done in the past
Prospective memory
Memory for things we need to do in the future
Flashbulb memory
A vivid memory for an emotionally significant event, thought to be permanent and detailed, as if frozen in time. The vividness is associated with confidence in the memory (Ex. 9/11)
Free recall
Accessing information from memory without any cues to aid your retrieval (short answer questions)
Cued recall
A form of retrieval that is facilitated by providing information related to the stored memory (fill in the blank questions)
Recognition
A form of retrieval that relies on identifying previously seen or experienced information (multiple choice questions)
Encoding specificity principle
The idea that retrieval is best when the present context recreates the context in which information was initially encoded (state dependent and mood dependent)
Forgetting curve
The retention of information over various delay times (Trace decay theory & interference theory)
