Chapter 7: Memory

Question 1

Misinformation Effect

Answer 1

When a person mistakenly recalls misleading information

Question 2

Association Networks

Answer 2

Certain words are related to other words (Ex. sleep with bed)

Question 3

Repressed Memories

Answer 3

The idea that specific threatening or upsetting memories can be pushed into the unconscious and recalled accurately later

Question 4

Eyewitness testimony

Answer 4

Among the strongest evidence in a case, but often the most unreliable

Question 5

Encoding errors

Answer 5

These errors in Eyewitness testimony deal with:
- Weapon focus effect
- Other race effect

Question 6

Re-consolidation and retrieval errors

Answer 6

These errors in Eyewitness testimony deal with:
- Unconscious transference
- Police line ups
- Suggestible questions

Question 7

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 7

Rote repetition of material

Question 8

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 8

Association of new information with already stored knowledge

Question 9

Self reference

Answer 9

Encoding info in relation to self

Question 10

Semantic

Answer 10

encoding meaning

Question 11

Acoustic

Answer 11

encoding sound

Question 12

Visual

Answer 12

encoding images

Question 13

Multi-store Model of Memory

Answer 13

A model proposing that information flows from our senses through three storage levels in memory: sensory, short-term, and long-term

Question 14

Sensory Memory

Answer 14

A storage level of memory that holds sensory information on the order of milliseconds to seconds

Question 15

Short-term memory

Answer 15

A storage level of memory where information can be held briefly, from seconds to less than a minute

Question 16

Working Memory

Answer 16

Limited storage that lasts about 20-30 seconds unless rehearsed. Can use Chunking to help remember as well. Holds 2-7 items.

Question 17

Phonological loop

Answer 17

Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory

Question 18

Visio-spatial sketchpad

Answer 18

Seeing mental images

Question 19

Central Executive Function

Answer 19

Allows for the manipulation of information in short-term memory

Question 20

Primacy effect

Answer 20

Initial items are stored in long-term memory more efficienctly

Question 21

Recency effect

Answer 21

Last few items are still in working memory and are readily available

Question 22

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 22

Inability to remember anything before brain trauma

Question 23

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 23

Inability to form new memories

Question 24

Memory Consolidation

Answer 24

The process whereby memory storage is integrated and becomes stable in the brain (time dependent, occurs after experiences have passed)

Question 25

Explicit memories

Answer 25

A form of memory that involves intentional and conscious remembering; declarative (Ex. remembering your first bike ride)

Question 26

Implicit memories

Answer 26

A form of memory that occurs without intentional recollection or awareness; nondeclarative (remembering how to ride a bike)

Question 27

Episodic memory

Answer 27

The explicit recollection of personal experiences that requires piecing together the elements of that time and place (Ex. what you had for lunch yesterday)

Question 28

Semantic memory

Answer 28

Explicit memory supporting knowledge about the world, including concepts and facts

Question 29

Retrospective memory

Answer 29

Memory for the things we have done in the past

Question 30

Prospective memory

Answer 30

Memory for things we need to do in the future

Question 31

Flashbulb memory

Answer 31

A vivid memory for an emotionally significant event, thought to be permanent and detailed, as if frozen in time. The vividness is associated with confidence in the memory (Ex. 9/11)

Question 32

Free recall

Answer 32

Accessing information from memory without any cues to aid your retrieval (short answer questions)

Question 33

Cued recall

Answer 33

A form of retrieval that is facilitated by providing information related to the stored memory (fill in the blank questions)

Question 34

Recognition

Answer 34

A form of retrieval that relies on identifying previously seen or experienced information (multiple choice questions)

Question 35

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 35

The idea that retrieval is best when the present context recreates the context in which information was initially encoded (state dependent and mood dependent)

Question 36

Forgetting curve

Answer 36

The retention of information over various delay times (Trace decay theory & interference theory)