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psychology > Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Non-Associative

A

Learning through repeated exposure

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2
Q

Associative

A

Learning through the pairing of stimuli

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3
Q

Observational

A

Learning by observing others

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4
Q

What type of learning is Habituation?

A

Non-Associative

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5
Q

Habituation

A

The diminished effectiveness of a stimulus in eliciting a response following repeated exposure to the stimulus.

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6
Q

What three factors can slow habituation?

A

frequency, duration, and intensity

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7
Q

Dishabituation

A

The reappearance or enhancement of a habituated response

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8
Q

What type of learning is Sensitization?

A

Non-Associative

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9
Q

Sensitization

A

When repeated exposure to a stimulus results in an increased behavioral response. May happen when stimulus is potentially harmful or threatening, or just annoying.

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10
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

When a previously neutral stimulus is linked with a stimulus that already elicits a response and in turn that stimulus leads to a similar response.

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11
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

The stimulus that elicits a response without learning (Ex. Food naturally produces a response)

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12
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response after being associated with a unconditioned stimulus (A bell is repeatedly paired with the presentation of food)

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13
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

The response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (Ex. Salivation is a natural response to a presentation of food)

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14
Q

Conditioned Response

A

The response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (Ex. Eventually the bell alone can elicit salivation)

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15
Q

High Order Conditioning

A

Once a Conditioned Stimulus consistently creates a Conditioned Response, other stimuli can become associated with the Conditioned Stimulus and produce a Conditioned Response, even without introduction (Cat’s CS is usually a loud can opener, but overtime the cat learns that the squeaky cabinet means the can opener is being taken out)

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16
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

The tendency to respond differently to two or more stimuli that are similar but yet different on some dimension

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17
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning.

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18
Q

The Rescorla-Wagner Model

A

Learning is determined by the extent to which a Unconditioned Stimulus is unexpected or surprising

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19
Q

Positive Prediction Error

A

More reward is given than expected. This strengthens the relationship between the Conditioned Stimulus and the Unconditioned Stimulus

20
Q

Negative Prediction Error

A

Less reward is given than expected. This weakens the relationship between the Conditioned Stimulus and the Unconditioned Stimulus

21
Q

Drug Conditioning

A

Environmental cues become an active part of an addicts life. The body has learned to expect the drug in a specific location and compensates by altering neurochemistry or physiology to metabolize it.

22
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

The process by which a response becomes more or less likely to occur depending on the consequences.

23
Q

Law of Effect

A

Any behaviors that lead to a satisfying outcome are more likely to occur and any that lead to a non-satisfying outcome are less likely to occur.

24
Q

Reinforcement

A
  • Strengthens the response
  • Behavior is more likely to occur
25
Q

Punishment

A
  • Weakens the response
  • Behavior is less likely to occur
26
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Adding something desirable to increase the frequency of the behavior occuring

27
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Taking something undesirable away to increase the frequency of the behavior occurring

28
Q

Primary type of reinforcer

A

Stimuli that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sleep)

29
Q

Secondary type of reinforcer

A

Stimuli that reinforce, but do not satisfy any biological needs (approval, money)

30
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Reinforcement is provided at a specific time (Ex. Paycheck every two weeks)

31
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses have been made (Ex. behavior chart)

32
Q

Variable Interval

A

Reinforcement is provided after a time, but the time is not set (Ex. waiting for an elevator)

33
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Reinforcement is provided after several responses, but the number is not fixed (Ex. Slot machines)

34
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Adding something undesirable to decrease the frequency of the behavior occuring

35
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Taking something desirable away to decrease the frequency of the behavior occuring.

36
Q

Primary type of punisher

A

Stimuli that is inherently punishing (painful stimuli)

37
Q

Secondary type of punisher

A

Stimuli that is considered punishment because of stimuli pairing (Bad grades, fines)

38
Q

Extrinsic reinforcers

A

Reinforcers that come from an outside source and are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced (money, praise, toys)

39
Q

Intrinsic reinforcers

A

Reinforcers that come from an internal source and are inherently related to the activity being reinforced (personal enjoyment, satisfaction)

40
Q

Latent Learning

A

A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response and occurs without obvious reinforcement

41
Q

Elements of Observational learning

A

Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Motivation

42
Q

Attention

A

The learner must pay attention to the model

43
Q

Memory

A

The learner must retain the memory of the behavior

44
Q

Imitation

A

The learner must be able to imitate the behavior

45
Q

Motivation

A

The learner must have the desire to perform the action

psychology (11 decks)

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