Chapter 8 Textbook Questions Flashcards
The warmth provided by a coat on a freezing day can function as a ______________ reinforcer, whereas a gift card that allows you to purchase a coat can only function as a _________________ reinforcer.
ancillary; conditioned
primary; conditioned
primary; ancillary
conditioned; primary
primary; conditioned
Humans can learn about conditioned reinforcers through standard Pavlovian learning processes, or they can take a shortcut – we can simply…
arrange effective operant contingencies
arrange a system of token reinforcers
download the learning to the individual’s phone. The phone will then remind the individual that the consequence functions as a conditioned reinforcer
verbally explain that acquiring the conditioned reinforcer will reduce the delay to the backup reinforcer
verbally explain that acquiring the conditioned reinforcer will reduce the delay to the backup reinforcer
A token economy is a set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent ___________ reinforcers that may be later exchanged for one or more _____________ reinforcers.
primary; backup
primary; conditioned
conditioned; generalized
conditioned; backup
conditioned; backup
When a conditioned reinforcer signals a delay reduction to more than one backup reinforcer it is referred to as a _________________________.
secondary reinforcer
primary reinforcer
generic reinforcer
generalized conditioned reinforcer
generalized conditioned reinforcer
Presenting a brief, salient conditioned reinforcing stimulus (like that produced by a clicker) immediately after the desired response can help the individual to correctly identify which response produced the reinforcer. This _______________ procedure is particularly effective when the reinforcer is delayed.
marking
tagging
clicking
positive ID
marking
Use the delay-reduction ratio to decide which of these stimuli will function as a more effective conditioned stimulus (CS) and a more effective conditioned reinforcer.
inter-reinforcer interval (US->US) is 10 seconds, CS->US interval is 10 seconds
inter-reinforcer interval (US->US) is 120 seconds, CS->US interval is 30 seconds
inter-reinforcer interval (US->US) is 20 seconds, CS->US interval is 10 seconds
inter-reinforcer interval (US->US) is 120 seconds, CS->US interval is 10 seconds
inter-reinforcer interval (US->US) is 120 seconds, CS->US interval is 10 seconds
Jeremy is trying to teach his dog, Timber, to jump through a hoop. First he provides a reinforcer (click and treat) when Timber looks toward the hoop that Jeremy is holding. Jeremy reinforces this behavior several times but then he asks for a little bit more. Now Timber will earn a reinforcer only when she takes a step toward the hoop. Jeremy reinforcers a series of successive approximations to the terminal behavior he desires – Timber jumping through the hoop when it is held 3 feet off the ground. What technique is Jeremy using to train Timber?
shaping
discrimination training
negative reinforcement of the avoidance variety
negative reinforcement of the escape variety
shaping
When properly implemented, shaping can create a state of ___________. That is, a state in which we lose track of time and self.
affiliation
nirvana
flow
anhedonia
flow
The book discusses 6 principles of effective shaping. Which of the following is NOT one of those principles?
specify the dimension on which the current behavior falls short of the terminal behavior (e.g., the behavior currently happens too slowly)
discrimination training - reinforce the behavior in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of any other stimuli
objectively define the terminal behavior
when mapping out the sequence of successive approximations, ensure that each one is neither too easy nor too difficult
discrimination training - reinforce the behavior in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of any other stimuli
A percentile schedule of reinforcement automatically adjusts the reinforcement contingency based on the individual’s current performance. Imagine that the current performance is averaging 4,506 steps per day. The individual wants to increase their daily step count to 10,000 steps per day. Over the last 5 days the individual has not succeeded in meeting any of their daily goal set by the percentile schedule. If this happens, then the percentile schedule will automatically ____________ tomorrow’s goal.
do nothing
decrease
increase
decrease
