Chapter 11/12/13 Textbook Questions Flashcards
This type of reinforcement describes a contingency in which the response is sometimes but not always reinforced
intermittent reinforcement
negative reinforcement
choice
generalization
intermittent reinforcement
A post-reinforcement pause followed by a high-constant rate of responding which ends with a reinforcer (aka a “break and run”) describes what schedule of reinforcement?
positive reinforcement
variable schedule
fixed ratio (FR) schedule
scallop
fixed ratio (FR) schedule
A procedure used to gradually reduce the rate of reinforcement, while being careful to maintain the desired behavior
negative reinforcement
scheduling/schedule thinning
prompting
shaping
scheduling/schedule thinning
The subway trains in Mexico City are very reliable. They arrive in the station every 4 minutes. Madison enters the station just as a train is pulling out, so she knows it will be a little while before the next train arrives. Madison sits down on a bench and scrolls through her social-media feed. A few minutes later, she looks up to see if she can see a train coming down the tracks. Nothing. Maybe 30 s later she looks down the tracks again but doesn’t see a train. About 30 s later she puts her phone away, stands up and continuously looks down the track until she can see the train approaching at a distance. This pattern of behavior is called a fixed-interval
scallop
establishing operation (EO)
generalization
reinforcer
scallop
The schedule of reinforcement that will maintain the most behavior
variable ratio (VR)
fixed ratio (FR)
negative reinforcement
shaping
variable ratio (VR)
An antecedent stimulus that can evoke a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when this stimulus is present, that response will be reinforced
generalization
prompt
discriminative stimulus (SD)
S delta
discriminative stimulus (SD)
A discriminative stimulus (SD) will evoke a response only if a(n) ___________________ increases the efficacy of the reinforcer that will be obtained by making that response
establishing operation (EO)
reward
punishment
prompt
establishing operation (EO)
________________ occurs when a novel stimulus resembling the SD evokes the response, despite that response never having been reinforced in the presence of that novel stimulus.
chaining
shaping
intermittent reinforcement
generalization
generalization
There are two methods for teaching an individual to emit a stimulus-response chain. In the method known as ________________________ the final link in the chain is taught first and, once that link is mastered, addition links are added in reverse order.
shaping
backwards chaining
task analysis
establishing operation (EO)
backwards chaining
An antecedent stimulus that facilitates or guides the desired response when it is not happening under appropriate stimulus control
prompt
warning
negative reinforcement
choice
prompt
It is defined as voluntary behavior occurring in a context in which alternative behaviors are possible
choice
impulsivity
reinforcement
chaining
choice
A(n) ________________ reinforcer is a reinforcer that is increasingly consumed when access to another reinforcer is constrained.
positive
substitute reinforcer
secondary
discriminative
substitute reinforcer
A(n) __________________ choice is made when the individual chooses the larger-later reward and foregoes the smaller-sooner reward
impulsive
voluntary
mentalistic
self-control
self-control
If the decision is made at T1 between the smaller-sooner reward (SSR) and the larger-later reward (LLR), the individual will make the _____________ choice (see image)
impulsive
self-control
delayed discounting
voluntary
impulsive
Who developed the matching law?
herrnstein
skinner
thorndike
ferster
herrnstein
Size, Quality, Availability, Delay to Access, Response Effort: are variables associated with?
reinforcer effectiveness (that affect choice)
reinforcer schedules
choice
task analysis
reinforcer effectiveness (that affect choice)
A precise specification of the sequence of antecedents, responses, and consequences that comprise a stimulus-response chain
shaping
task analysis
applied behavior analysis
matching
task analysis
Schedules of reinforcement maintain unique patterns of behavior in nonhuman animals. What is the graphical display that B. F. Skinner invented to visually illustrate these patterns, as they unfold over time
matching pattern
three term contingency
cumulative record
delayed discounting
cumulative record
A delayed reward is perceived as not worth as much as an immediate reward; its value is discounted because of the delay. What is the shape of this delay-discounting function?
hyperbolic
scallop
linear
inverse
hyperbolic
Herrnstein’s matching equation predicts…
shaping
generalization
choice
variable ratios of reinforcement
choice
The functional relation between antecedent, behavior, and consequence is called the
_____ ____ _____
A, B, C
three term contingency
task analysis process
establishing motivating operation
three term contingency
Generalization gradients are typically ______-shaped
scallop
bell
plateau
inverted V
bell
If terrorist activities are represented by BL and socially accept able behaviors are represented by BR, how does Herrnstein’s matching equation suggest we should decrease terrorist activities?
BL/ (BL+BR) = RL/ (RL+RR)
decrease RR
increase RR
change BR
not possible with this equation
increase RR
When teaching using chaining, it is important to __________ the prompts over time, as we want the behavior to come under the control of the SD
fade
negatively reinforce
increase
generalize
fade
Alexis got a new job selling aluminum siding for people’s homes; so far, she has made three sales. To make the sales, she visits the homes to provide a cost estimate. In her first week on the job, she visited 15 houses before making one sale. After that, she visited 5 houses before making another sale. She thought she was getting better at the job, but then it took 10 more house-visits before she made her third sale. What schedule of reinforcement is Alexis working under thus far?
VR 5
FR 15
VR 10
FR 15, 5, 10
VR 10
