Chapter 6 Textbook Questions Flashcards
According to the __________ theory of reinforcement, behavior is controlled by the likely future, as exemplified in the past.
response-strengthening
conditioning
information
enlightenment
information
Positively reinforcing low probability behaviors, like studying, does not reduce ________ motivation. Instead, if often allows individuals to contact automatic reinforcers (for example, by studying we might discover that we enjoy physics, psychology, or another subject matter) that they would otherwise not experience.
innate
inopportune
intrinsic
implicit
intrinsic
During a baseline session a rat was placed in an operant chamber equipped with a lever. The rat pressed the lever 5 times at the beginning of the session, but never again. Next, the experimenter implanted small electrodes into the “pleasure center” of the rat’s brain. In the next session, when the rat pressed the lever, the computer delivered a 1 second pulse of electricity to the rat’s brain. The rat pressed the lever 5 times at the beginning of the session, but never again. This scenario describes…
positive reinforcement (SR+)
negative reinforcement - escape (SRE-)
negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-)
none of the above
none of the above
A stimulus change can include either the _______ or the _______ of a stimulus.
reinforcement; punishment
presentation; removal
altering; non-altering
awareness; unawareness
presentation; removal
Applying bug repellent to prevent big bites is an example of _______, while applying anti-itch cream to reduce the irritation of a bug bite is an example of _________
positive reinforcement (SR+); negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-)
negative reinforcement - escape (SRE-); negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-)
negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-); positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-); negative reinforcement - escape (SRE-)
negative reinforcement - avoidance (SRA-); negative reinforcement - escape (SRE-)
Negative reinforcement - ______ is defined as a consequent prevention of a stimulus change, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level
avoidance
The textbook reviewed several best practices for the use of reinforcement in workplace settings; practices designed to ensure there are no unwanted side-effect of reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT one of those best practices?
it is rarely useful to arrange very large rewards; they can induce cheating and choking under pressure
if creativity is important, arrange the reinforcement contingency so that creativity is reinforced
the larger the reward the better
let employees know that cheating will be monitored. If cheating occurs, it will be punished
the larger the reward the better
______ _________ is the tendence for loss-prevention (SRA-) to influence behavior more than presentation of the same stimulus (SR+)
prevention science
avoidance aversion
loss aversion
income shock
loss aversion
Erik’s phone signals he has received a text. Erik is driving and knows he should not look at it but he has been expecting an important text letting him know if his brother has been released from the hospital. Erik grabs his phone and looks at the text. The text informs him that his brother is still in the hospital, so Erik drives there and pays him a visit. Assuming that this stimulus presentation functions as a reinforcer, it would be classified as a…
positive reinforcer (SR+)
negative reinforcer - escape (SRE-)
negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-)
none of the above
positive reinforcer (SR+)
When Angus took swimming lessons he hated getting water in his eyes. When it was his turn to put his head under the water, he threw a tantrum. The teacher gave him a “time out,” which allowed him to avoid the dunk. After that day, Angus reliably threw a tantrum when it was his turn to put his head under water. The teacher seems to have inadvertently used a ______________________ procedure.
positive reinforcer (SR+)
negative reinforcer - escape (SRE-)
negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-)
none of the above
negative reinforcer - avoidance (SRA-)
