Chapter 8 - Tech, the use of force and WMD

Question 1

Which 4 factors go into the use of hard power?

Answer 1

1) Military Capabilities
2) Willingness to use capabilities (internal)
3) Credibility/trust (external)
4) Strategy (preparedness)

Question 2

What is soft power? (2)

Answer 2

1) ability to shape preferences of other through appeal and attraction (Nye)
2) more effective if coupled with hard power

Question 3

What is hard power? (2)

Answer 3

1) use or threat of force to affect behaviour

2) incl. economic warfare (santions, boycott, embargoes(

Question 4

What is smart power?

Answer 4

Focus on smart power, but also alliances, partnership and institutiosn to expand influence and legitimacy of actions (CSIS)

Question 5

What is social power? (2)

Answer 5

1) Constructivist undertones

2) Ability to set norms and rules influencing the actions of others

Question 6

What is the Offence-Defence Balance Theory?

Answer 6

The way tech innovations fall on either offence/defence side determines whether conflict/peace

Question 7

How many states are in the nuclear club?

Answer 7

10

Question 8

How has the purpose of weapons changed? (2)

Answer 8

1) before: to defeat enemies during wars

2) after nuclear era: to avert wars (Brodie)

Question 9

What is Second-Strike Capability?

Answer 9

Ability to inflict unacceptable damage on an adversary after being struck first

Question 10

What is First-strike Capability?

Answer 10

Ability to negate the other’s second-strike capability

Question 11

What do MAD proponents argue? (3)

Answer 11

1) Worst scenario is 2 states both believing first-strike capability
2) MAD ensures mutual fear
3) States should protect their weapons rather than populations

Question 12

What do NUTS argue? (3)

Answer 12

1) Nuclear Utilization Theorists (Keeny)
2) States should seek first-strike capability (to take account of different attack magnitudes)
3) MAD is impractical and immoral

Question 13

What are 2 a criticisms of NUTS?

Answer 13

1) a defence system can never be guaranteed succesful (Jervis)
2) Nuclear weapons pose too large a risk

Question 14

How are nuclear power plants related to weapons? (2)

Answer 14

1) A by-product is plutonium which may be reprocessed and used in nuclear weapons
2) INDI, ISR, PAK and Iraq started programmes like this

Question 15

What are 3 Reasons states want nuclear weapons?

Answer 15

1) Conflicts with neighbouring states or geopolitical rivals
2) Prestige
3) Nuclear weapons as equalizers (state survival)

Question 16

Why capable states do not want nuclear weapons? (2)

Answer 16

1) Extended Deterrence

2) Approval and Material benefits from other states

Question 17

What is Liberalism’s take on future of nuclear weapons?

Answer 17

IL and IOs can overcome mistrust and facilitate non-proliferation

Question 18

What is Constructivism’s take on future of nuclear weapons?

Answer 18

State power/identity still linked to nuclear weapons, but narrative could change (e.g. EU as great non-nuclear power)

Question 19

Do nuclear weapons provide foreign policy benefits? (3)

Answer 19

1) Yes: nuclear states more likely to prevail in conflicts (Asal)
2) No: nuclear weapons do not increase proability of success (Sechser)
3) Middle: nuclear waepons ensure deterrence but are not useful for compelling others (Sechser)

Question 20

How does Constructivism explain why states do not get nuclear weapons? (2)

Answer 20

1) nuclear taboo

2) S.AFR and UKR had weapons but gave them up to conform

Question 21

How does Liberalism explain why states do not get nuclear weapons? (2)

Answer 21

1) IOs’ monitoring deter states

2) UN rewards states willing to give up nuclear weapons with civilian nuclear tech

Question 22

How does Realism explain why states do not get nuclear weapons? (2)

Answer 22

1) states rely on extended deterrence (falling under nuclear umbrella)
2) EX: JAP believes US will protect

Question 23

Does nuclear proliferation stabilize or destabilize? (2)

Answer 23

1) Waltz: stabilize bc deterrence and nuclear weapons will create caution and responsibility
2) Sagan: destabilize bc of spontaneous autocrats, single-strike capabilities, and risks of accidents

Question 24

What did the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) do? (2)

Answer 24

1) Non-nuclear signatories: renounce weapons and receive tech and info on power plants + monitoring
2) nuclear signatories: commit to disarmament and transfer civilian nuclear tech

Question 25

4 Means of Halting Nuclear Proliferation

Answer 25

1) Nunn-Lugar Program (US: pay to destroy WMD and retrain USSR scientists
2) Export Controls
3) Preemptive Military actions
4) US Extraterritorial legislation

Question 26

Why would nuclear deterrence be less effective against terrorist organizations? (1)

Answer 26

They have no “return address”