Chapter 12 - Non-State Actors & Challenges to Sovereignty

Question 1

What is the Copenhagen School of Security Studies? (3)

Answer 1

1) by Wæver
2) ‘Security’ is a speech act, and thus a piece of rhetoric used to get attention, mobilize resources, and legitimize extraordinary measures
3) Constructivist approach

Question 2

What are 6 New Postmodern Security Challenges?

Answer 2

1) Technology (RAS, IA)
2) Information (Big Data, Fake News, SoME)
3) Hybrid Warfare (conventional and unconventional)
4) Terrorism
5) Migration
6) Climate Change

Question 3

How is tech a new security challenge? (2)

Answer 3

1) How does it impact the rules of warfare and the killing of humans?
2) Its development is driven by non-state actors (Webb)

Question 4

How is Information a new security challenge? (4)

Answer 4

1) Misinformation
2) Financial and political powers in the hands of tech MNEs
3) Social media addiction
4) Algorithmic bias (and effect on civil rights)

Question 5

What is hybrid warfare?

Answer 5

A combination of conventional warfare (military) and unconventional warfare (suicide bombs, SoMe, little green men)

Question 6

How are characteristics of modern terrorism? (4)

Answer 6

1) Loose networks rather than organizational hierarchies
2) transnational (not localized)
3) Targetted at civilians/public displays (not buildings, leaders, mil)
4) Fluid distinction between foreign and homegrown terrorists (Baudrillard)

Question 7

How is Migration a security challenge? (2)

Answer 7

1) Challenges legitimacy of border control

2) challenges national identity

Question 8

How is climate change a security challenge? (3)

Answer 8

1) how do we get countries to bind themselves
2) Who will pay?
3) changing consumer behaviour

Question 9

What does Kagan propone? (2)

Answer 9

1) “Hammer-nail-conundrum”

2) EUR argue US’s military power makes every problem look like it can be solved with it

Question 10

What does Khanna argue? (2)

Answer 10

1) EUR is a metrosexual power: redefines what ‘powerful’ means
2) Soft power has an increasingly important role in the world

Question 11

What is a Weak State? (3)

Answer 11

1) Functioning central govt
2) weak control over territory and borders
3) non-functioning tax system, police, military, or public services

Question 12

Causes of State Weakness? (2)

Answer 12

1) Ethnic or religious devisions (LEB)

2) corrupt/incompetent govts failing to remove challengers to authority (MEX)

Question 13

What is a Failed State? (2)

Answer 13

1) “Where the basic functions of the state are no longer performed” (Zartman)
2) Often failure in ability to enforce order (insurgents, secession, uncontrolled areas)

Question 14

What are 3 examples of Weak/Failed States?

Answer 14

1) AFG
2) N.SUD and S.SUD
3) COL

Question 15

How does State Weakness/Failure impact the international system? (3)

Answer 15

1) Piracy
2) Terrorism
3) Migration

Question 16

What are 4 Motivations for terrorism?

Answer 16

1) Secession (Chechnya)
2) Overturning Capitalism (EUR in 19th cent)
3) Ending occupation of home country (Al Qaeda)
4) Create trans-state caliphate

Question 17

How to deal with terrorism? (2)

Answer 17

1) Bush admin: Terrorists feel threatened by US liberty. Impose democracy and RoL in their domestic states –> kill
2) Pape terrorists are motivated by foreign occupations (9/11). Presence in M.East must be reduced.

Question 18

What is the privatization of war? (1)

Answer 18

Non-state actors have grown in power due to technological developments (money, communication, weapons)

Question 19

What are 3 concepts thrown into doubt by privatization of war?

Answer 19

1) Deterrence
2) Alliances
3) Self-Defence (Art 51 UN Charter)

Question 20

How did Kofi Annan argue for a redfinition of sovereignty? (2)

Answer 20

1) Sovereignty implies responsibility rather than absolute power
2) the UN charter protects the sovereignty of peoples over sovereignty of states

Question 21

What is R2P? (3)

Answer 21

1) Responsibility to protect
2) obligation(?) on states to intervene to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity
3) 2005 World Summit Outcome Document

Question 22

How does realism view the future of the nation state? (3)

Answer 22

1) nation states will remain dominant actors
2) states have overcome their challenges in the past
3) states have advantages over other actors (taxation, nationalism, most effective protective organization)

Question 23

How does Liberalism view the future of the nation-state? (2)

Answer 23

1) States will remain but decrease in importance

2) states will increasingly have to cooperate with other states and non-state actors to achieve security/prosperity

Question 24

How does Marxism view the future of the Nation-state? (1)

Answer 24

International capitalist class will grow in influence to constrain control of states

Question 25

How does Constructivism view the future of the Nation-state? (2)

Answer 25

1) depends on loyalty to nation state

2) will cosmopolitanism/supranationalism increase or will populism?