Chapter 8: Sprain Flashcards
An overstretch injury to a ligament is called:
Sprains
Composed of flexible, non contractile connective tissue. Occur in bands around a synovial joint, blending into the periosteum and joining bones together. This is called:
Ligaments
What are the causes of sprain?
Trauma - related sudden twist or wrench of the joint beyond its normal range of motion.
What are the contributing factors of Sprain?
- Congenital ligamentous laxity ( hypermobility )
- History of previous sprains
- Altered biomechanics ( rheumatoid arthritis )
Sprain is classified into three level of severity. includes:
Grade 1, mild or First degree
Grade 2, moderate or second degree
Grade 3, severe or Third degree
Level of severity where there is a minor stretch and tear to the ligament.
Mild or First degree
Level of severity where there is tearing of the ligament fibres occurs.
Moderate or Second degree
Level of severity where there either a complete rupture of the ligament itself.
Severe or Third degree
True or False:
Pain is present in acute stage, while a chronic sprain may be painlessly hypermobile in the direction the ligament is intended to check.
True
Condition that occur when the injury is severe enough to inflame the synovium, increasing the production of synovial fluid and causing the joint capsule to swell.
Joint Effusion
What are the 3 types of cartilage in the human body?
a) Hyaline
b) Fibrocartilage
c) Elastic cartilage
True or False:
Cartilage is essentially avascular and aneural; therefore has a slow and difficult repair.
True
It is the second most commonly sprained lateral ankle ligament, often injured in conjunction with the anterior talofibular ligament.
Calcaneofibular ligament
A condition decribes when a joint is positioned beyond its normal range, injuring (tearing) the ligaments and often the joint capsule.
Sprain
What are the Percentage of fibres torn in first and second degree?
First degree: 0-20% Second degree: 20-75%
What is the degree when there is 75% to complete tear of fibres that may take months to heal?
Third degree
Third degree with total rupture ligaments is known as:
Dislocation
Duration of healing in second degree sprain.
14-30 days
Most common site of second degree sprain.
ankle/wrist
Duration of healing in first degree sprain.
5-14 days
What are the causes of sprain?
- Trauma causing overstretches of a ligament
- Scar tissue formation in the tissue, predisposes the ligament to tearing, thus previous injury is also a cause
- Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis
What are the signs and symptoms of acute sprain?
- pain
- local edema
- inflammation
- heat
- bruising
- Decrease Range of motion
What are the signs and symptoms of subacute sprain?
- Adhesions
- bruising
- pain
- edema
- inflammation
- reduce range of motion
- loss of proprioception at the joint
What are the signs and symptoms of chronic sprain?
- pain
- matured adhesions
- hypertonicity and trigger points
- edema
- loss of proprioception at the joint
- restricted range of motion of joints
- muscle weakness
What are the aims of treatment for acute and sub acute sprain?
- Decrease inflammation
- Decrease spasm and pain
- Maintain Range of motion
What are the aims of treatment for chronic sprain?
- Prevent fibrosis, because fibrosis leads to re-injury
- Restore full range of motion (note surgery)
What are the test used to identify sprain?
- Passive Range of Motion for ligaments
- Active Resisted ROM in chronic (isometric)
- Active Free ROM (pain free)
What are the treatment of acute sprain?
- Drainage on the affected limb
- Diaphragmatic breathing efflurage and slow petrissage mid- range passive relax range of motion
What are the treatment of subacute sprain?
- Diaphragmatic breathing
- Hydrotherapy proximal
- lymphatic drainage
- efflurage
- trigger points
What are the treatment of chronic sprain?
- Massage
- contrast hydrotherapy
- efflurage and repetetive petrissage
- joint play technique
- passive relax range of motion
