Chapter 2: Stages of injury and muscle spasm Flashcards
It is a techniques that make up the classical manipulations used by a massage therapist. Through practice and conscious application, mastery of these soft tissue techniques “not only gives the therapist the tools to manipulate the soft tissue, it also facilitates the development and improvement of palpation skills so essential to the massage therapist”
Swedish massage
What are the components of Swedish techniques ?
- Direction of movement
- Pressure
- Rhythm of movement
- Rate of movement
- Duration of a technique
- Part of the therapist’s hand or arm that is used
What is the pressure applied for relaxation using Swedish Technique?
light to moderate pressure
______________ - is used to reach deeper structures and for the treatment of adhesions.
Deeper pressure
With the use of swedish technique. What is the direction applied for relaxation or reduction of edema?
the direction is centripetal (towards the heart) or in the direction of blood flow and, when possible, parallel with the muscle fibre direction.
Rate of Movement in Swedish Technique: True or False
- For relaxation, the rate of movement is slower and can be matched to the rate of respiration of the client.
- For a stimulating effect, techniques are applied more quickly.
True
What is the duration of Swedish Technique?
Duration of one technique is depends on the following: size of the area massaged pathological condition the client’s tolerance
This are part of the therapist’s hand or arm that is used in swedish technique. Except:
a. elbow
b. thumb
c. Dorsum of the hand
d. full surface of the palm
Except: c
To achieve a relaxing effect swedish technique should be applied:
Generally, any technique applied in a slow, rhythmical and repetitive manner.
To achieve a stimulating effect swedish technique should be applied:
applied with briskness, in more erratic and less predictable patterns.
_________ - is among the lightest techniques used for massage.
Stroking
What are the uses of stroking?
- used as an introductory or closing technique
- used at the end of the massage
- Temperature differences can be palpated with stroking
True statement on How to Perform Stroking. Except:
- The palmar surface of the hand is only used; pressure is applied equally through the entire surface of the hand or fingers (Basmajian, 1985).
- The technique is applied superficially. The tissue is not compressed and only the minimum amount of pressure is used to make contact with the tissue.
- The direction of stroking can be centripetal or centrifugal because the technique is so superficial.
- Stroking may be performed using long or short movements.
Except: 1.
Correct: The palmar surface of the hand or the fingers is used.
What is the contraindication of Stroking?
Stroking is not used over uncovered open or contagious skin lesions.
What are the effects of stroking?
- decreases sympathetic nervous system firing and reduces pain perception
- It tends to have a reflexive effect on the circulatory system because of the lightness of the pressure.
________ - is from the French word “effleurer”, to glide, stroke or touch lightly (Basmajian,1985).
Effleurage
What are the uses of Effleurage?
a. use to spread lubricant
b. It can introduce the client to the therapist’s touch.
c. Palpation of temperature, muscle tone and texture
d. prepares the tissue for deeper techniques
e used as a transition stroke from one
f. technique to another
g. applied at the end of the massage
_________ - is from the French “petrir” meaning to knead.
Petrissage
What are the uses of Petrissage?
- used after the tissue is warmed up
- Petrissage makes up a key group of techniques used in treatment.
- techniques are applied to muscle groups, individual muscles or some part of a muscle
__________ - or oscillations to the tissue, are probably one of the most difficult techniques to master; they require ongoing practise.
Vibrations
What are the uses of Vibrations?
Vibrations are used at any time during the massage. No lubricant is necessary when performing vibrations.
___________ - is from the French “tapoter” meaning to rap, drum or pat.
Tapotement
____________ - The hands are light and springy, with the wrists relaxed; the technique is applied superficially with no force created beneath the skin.
Light Tapotement
___________ : The tissue is gently plucked between the thumb and fingertips.
Pincement
_________ : The tissue is tapped with the fingertips.
Tapping
___________ - The hands are firm, with the wrists relaxed; a deeper force is used that carries below the skin surface.
Heavy Tapotement
__________ : This is performed with the ulnar border of the hand. For less force the hand is relaxed; for greater force the hand is stiff.
Hacking
______________ : The hand is held in a cupped position, with the fingers and thumb together; with the wrist pronated,the tissue is struck with alternating hands. When done properly, there is an audible “clopping” noise.
Clapping or Cupping
_________ : The hand is held in a loose fist. can be performed using the extensor surface of the phalanges of the digits or the ulnar surface of the fist.
Beating
Indicated techniques in acute injury except:
a. Stimulate plexus –strokings, vibes
b. Petrissage
c. Effleurage
d. Diaphragmatic
e. Swelling technique
f. breathing
Except: e
What are the techniques that cannot be used in subacute stage of injury?
- Frictions
- Swelling technique ( unaffected area)
- Lymph pump
- Golgi Tendon Organ
What are the techniques that cannot be used in chronic stage of injury?
- Frictions
- Swelling technique ( affected and unaffected area)
- Lymph pump
- GTO
- Lymph pump
__________ - is the reaction of vascularized tissue to local injury. This process is a beneficial one that allows a person to live with the effects of everyday stress.
Inflammation
Causes of inflammation. True or False:
a. It is commonly a result of the immune system to micro-organisms.
b. trauma, surgery, chemicals, extreme temperatures.
True
What are the stages of injury?
Acute
Subacute
Chronic
____________ - this is the short-term response to injury. Will last approximately 1-5 days depending on the severity of the injury.
Acute stage of injury
Signs and symptoms of acute inflammation. Except:
a. Pain
b. Redness
c. Swelling
d. An increase in muscle weakness
e. Muscle spasm may also be present (protective muscle spasm)
Except: d
This is considered the last stage of injury. Healing of the injury is due to the severity of the injury and if the client was being treated throughout the healing process.
Chronic stage of injury
How long is the chronic stage of injury?
It can last from 14 days and until the injury has completely healed
This is the second stage of injury. It can last 4-5 days, up to 14 days, after injury. This stage is also divided into three parts (early , mid and late).
Sub-acute stage of injury
Signs and symptoms of Subacute stage of injury. Except:
a. There is usually formation of granulation tissue
b. Fragile tissue which is easily damaged
c. Decrease function of injured area
d. There is usually a decrease in the pain perception
e. A decrease in swelling and inflammation
f. An increase in muscle weakness and Decrease in ROM (due to adhesion formation)
Except: c
What are the signs and symptoms of Chronic stage of injury?
- Edema may or may not be present (note chronic inflammation)
- Decrease ROM
- Decrease function of injured area
- Pain may, or may not, be present
- Muscle weakness
- Coolness of affected area may, or may not, be present
Focus of treatment in acute stage includes the following. Except:
a. Decrease pain
b. Control spasm
c. Maintain ROM of affected and unaffected joints
d. Control loss of function
e. Increase relaxation
f. Prevent Elevation and the use of Ice compress
Except: f
What are the actual treatment for acute stage?
- Positioning and pillowing to decrease pain and swelling
- if swelling is present Contrast hydrotherapy to affected area
- Can work on-site (can release trigger points that refer into injured area)
Focus of treatment for chronic stages: True or False
- Apply RICE (rest/ice/compression/elevation)
False
What are the actual treatment for chronic stage of injury?
- Positioning and pillowing to treat effectively
- Hot hydrotherapy to affected area
- Can work on-site using all advanced techniques
A convulsive involuntary contraction of an entire muscle. It is usually secondary to an injury or irritation of the muscle itself, or irritation of some nearby structure.This is called:
Muscle spasm
___________ - Symptomatic of nerve irritation by pressure or increased excitability, in a motor nerve. It results from temporary nerve compression. Defined as involuntary muscular contraction with pain .
Cramps
Difference between a spasm and cramp. True or False:
Cramp is symptomatic of nerve irritation by pressure, or increased excitability in a motor nerve.
Spasm is secondary to injury or irritation of the muscle itself, or of some nearby structure.
True
What is the common cause of muscle spasm?
Direct trauma
A muscle spasm can be determined by:
onset observation palpation stretch strength testing
What is the treatment for muscle spasm?
Treatment can be origin and insertion, GTO, PNF, or active stretching using reciprocal inhibition.
___________ - Spasm presenting as a sustained contraction. e.g. Charlie horse
Tonic spasm
____________ - Spasm presenting as an alternating contraction and relaxation. e.g. hiccups/twitch
Clonic spasm
A muscle spasm occurring, in response to a painful stimulus which functionally splints the muscle. It prevents further movement when an area has been already damaged. Also known as reflex muscle guarding.
Protective/reflexive spasm
________________ - Muscle spasm occurring in response to local circulatory changes or nutrient deficiency, including alternations in blood levels of calcium and vitamin D.
Intrinsic muscle spasm
What are the causes of spasm?
- Injury
- Overuse, fatigue, chilling of muscle, vascular damage, edema or any other sources of circulatory stasis 3.Increased demands on the muscle in excess of nutritional supply
- Anxiety, emotional tension, temperature change, injury to nearby tissue or joint dysfunction
- Electrolyte imbalances, hypocalcemia
- Poor posture
On palpation spasm is:
a. Tender on palpation
b. unaffected muscle may be cool due to ischemia or hot due to congestion
c. A muscle with chronically increased tone will have texture (soft and fibrous)
d. Increased tone in affected mm and often in the agonist, and other compensating structures
a.
In signs and symptoms of spasm there is an increase in muscle strength and length and decrease in ROM of joints, crossed by the affected muscle. True or False:
False
In Spasm there is a decrease of muscle strength and length.
What are the other signs and symptoms of spasm?
- Pain
- Referral pain
- May have circulatory restrictions (affected tissue is hot or cold)
- Excessive increase in tone of affected muscle
