Chapter 8 - Social Development in Early Childhood Flashcards
What does it mean to be “stepping out of phase” of early childhood?
-children leave the parent-child bond to risk relationships with others
What does the psychoanalytic lens say causes children to develop socially?
-driving forces of desires, motives and feelings and adapting to social demands as there is tension between instincts and socially acceptable behavior
What were Freud’s psychosexual stages during early childhood? (2)
-Anal stage (1-3 years)
-Phallic stage (3-6 years)
What happens during the phallic stage?
-identify with same sex parents which builds a foundation for moral development
What are Erikson’s stages during early childhood? (2)
-Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 years)
-Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years)
What is the autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 years) stage? Example? (2)
-they have a desire for autonomy and independence
Example: Feeding themselves food with a spoon
What is the initiative vs. guilt stage (3-6 years)? Example? (2)
-freedom to try vs. feelings of failure, ability to plan
Example: Initiating play and doing what you want to do during this time
What is the social-cognitive lens in social development for children?
-perspective that social and personality development is related to improvements in cognition
What is person perception? At age 5, what happens? What might this be based on for the child? (3)
-how children categorize and understand other people
-by age 5, use trait labels such as nice but still view these in black and white terms
-as well, often these traits are based on the most recent interaction they have had with someone
What does it mean to understand rule categories?
-develop understanding of the difference between social conventions ( like saying please and thank you) and moral rules (not stealing)
What happens as children grow with their understanding of intentions?
-for children around 3, judgements are often based on the outcome of the action rather than the intention but as they get older they have a better understanding of people’s intentions
Insecurely attached children are more likely to display what?
-anger and aggression towards peers and adults and more likely to show negative attitudes towards themselves
What occurs during the goal-corrected partnership (age 3/4 to adulthood)? (3)
-children understand that their relationship with an attachment figure continues even when that person is not physically present
-they begin to recognize that both they and the attachment figure have separate goals and perspectives, which they learn to negotiate.
-the child’s experience forms an internal model
What four aspects of family functioning did Diana Baumrind focus on? (4)
-warmth of nurturance
-clarity and consistency of rules
-levels of expectations
-communication between parent and child
Describe warmth of nurturance
-parents show affection and are sensitive to children’s needs
Describe clarity and consistency of rules
-having clear routines and a predictable schedule, keeping rules consistent
Describe levels of expectations
-parents have expectations for mature behavior
Describe communication between parent and child
-open, regular communication that includes listening to the child
According to Maccoby, Martin and Baumrind, what are the 2 dimensions for parenting styles?
-control and acceptance
Describe the four parenting styles under the two dimensions of control and acceptance.
High C + A: Authoritative
High C + low A: Authoritarian
Low C + high A: permissive
Low c + low a: uninvolved
Describe the authoritarian parenting style. “Do it because I say so.” What are the outcomes for children? (3)
-high in control, with many rules and a demand for obedience
-relatively low in acceptance, may be cold and frequent criticism
Outcomes for children: lower self-esteem and self-concept, more anxiety or hostility/aggression.
Describe the permissive parenting style. “I love you, do as you please.” What are the outcomes for children? (3)
-high in acceptance, warm but overindulging
-low in control, few demands and child makes decisions
Outcomes: may do less well academically, less responsibility, less independence, immaturity
Describe the uninvolved parenting style. “I don’t care about you or what you do.” What are the outcomes for children? (3)
-low acceptance, disengagement from children
-low control, few guidelines
Outcome: neglect, impulsivity, anti-social behavior, difficulty with relationships
Describe the Authoritative parenting style. “Love and limits.” What are the outcomes for children? (3)
-high in acceptance, provide love and support
-high in control, high expectations and rationale for decisions and gradual autonomy decision making
Outcome: higher self control, task persistence, cooperativeness, higher self esteem
What did Chao and Willms find for percentage of Canadian’s with each parenting style in 1998 and 2002? (4)
authoritative: 33% (1/5 children had behavioral problems)
authoritarian: 25%
permissive: 25%
uninvolved: 15% (1/2 had behavioral problems)
What is hostile/ineffective parenting? What were the results for persistent behavior problems? (2)
-manipulates behavior through sarcasm, put-downs, mixes anger with punishment
-problems 9x higher than children not exposed to this
Why is the authoritative style so effective? (4)
-fair control
-models caring concern and self-control
-provision of reinforcement
-autonomy granting
In Asian American families, children of authoritative parent’s experience what or do what?
-often score higher on academic achievement.
In Indigenous communities, permissive parenting is associated with what?
-it is not associated with these same negative effects as it often includes a communal social network
What may contribute to the parenting styles someone uses? (4)
-parental self-esteem
-their access to services
-child-rearing role models
-direct assistance with child-rearing
What is discipline?
-training/teaching that develops self-control, moral character and proper conduct
What are some challenges with punishment? (3)
-risk of injury if physical
-inducement of fear or hostility
-children only learn what not to do
What are other approaches to discpline?
-time out (behavioral theory), inductive discipline (explained why a particular behavior is wrong), proactive approach (focus on parenting communication)
What is the most common parental structure for children aged 0-5 years?
-two parent family
What percent of families are lone parent?
-17.5%
Children living in post-divorce/separation situations have higher prevalence of what?
-problems in most areas including school performance, more aggression or depressed behavior
Why do children living in post-divorce/separation situations seem to face negative effects? (3)
-reduction in financial and emotional resources available to support the child
-transition to a new family structure
-shift away from authoritative parenting
What is related to the development of social skills?
-play
What are social skills?
-a set of behaviors that usually leads to being accepted as a play partner or friend by peers
When does physical aggression decrease and indirect aggression begin?
-PA peaks at age 2 and IA increases to age 11
What is indirect aggression?
-gossiping for example
Most children show declining levels of physical aggression with low levels of what between the age of 2-8 years?
-indirect aggression
Most children who are low on physical aggression to begin with stay low on what?
-indirect aggression
Children who have high levels of physical aggression usually show increasing levels of what over time?
-indirect aggression
What are risk factors for aggression in children?
-may run in family culture, reinforcement and modelling, epigeneitcs
Studies show that changes in parenting style can lead to changes in what?
-a child’s aggression or anxiety levels, suggesting that parenting practices can either mitigate or exacerbate these behaviors.
What was Bandura’s Bobo doll studies?
-studies on observational learning showed that children who observed adults acting aggressively (like hitting a Bobo doll) were more likely to imitate this aggressive behavior, suggesting that aggression can be learned by watching others.
Children exposed to violence at home are how many times as likely to exhibit aggression themselves?
-two times
Parents of altruistic children exhibit what traits? (5)
-draw child’s attention to how others are feeling
-model thoughtful and generous behavior
-explain the effects of the child’s behavior
-look for opportunities for children to do helpful things
-giving prosocial attributions that children can internalize
What is self-concept?
-the emotional self (understanding and managing one’s emotions including emotional regulation)
