Chapter 8 - Social Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

What does it mean to be “stepping out of phase” of early childhood?

Answer 1

-children leave the parent-child bond to risk relationships with others

Question 2

What does the psychoanalytic lens say causes children to develop socially?

Answer 2

-driving forces of desires, motives and feelings and adapting to social demands as there is tension between instincts and socially acceptable behavior

Question 3

What were Freud’s psychosexual stages during early childhood? (2)

Answer 3

-Anal stage (1-3 years)
-Phallic stage (3-6 years)

Question 4

What happens during the phallic stage?

Answer 4

-identify with same sex parents which builds a foundation for moral development

Question 5

What are Erikson’s stages during early childhood? (2)

Answer 5

-Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 years)
-Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years)

Question 6

What is the autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 years) stage? Example? (2)

Answer 6

-they have a desire for autonomy and independence
Example: Feeding themselves food with a spoon

Question 7

What is the initiative vs. guilt stage (3-6 years)? Example? (2)

Answer 7

-freedom to try vs. feelings of failure, ability to plan
Example: Initiating play and doing what you want to do during this time

Question 8

What is the social-cognitive lens in social development for children?

Answer 8

-perspective that social and personality development is related to improvements in cognition

Question 9

What is person perception? At age 5, what happens? What might this be based on for the child? (3)

Answer 9

-how children categorize and understand other people
-by age 5, use trait labels such as nice but still view these in black and white terms
-as well, often these traits are based on the most recent interaction they have had with someone

Question 10

What does it mean to understand rule categories?

Answer 10

-develop understanding of the difference between social conventions ( like saying please and thank you) and moral rules (not stealing)

Question 11

What happens as children grow with their understanding of intentions?

Answer 11

-for children around 3, judgements are often based on the outcome of the action rather than the intention but as they get older they have a better understanding of people’s intentions

Question 12

Insecurely attached children are more likely to display what?

Answer 12

-anger and aggression towards peers and adults and more likely to show negative attitudes towards themselves

Question 13

What occurs during the goal-corrected partnership (age 3/4 to adulthood)? (3)

Answer 13

-children understand that their relationship with an attachment figure continues even when that person is not physically present
-they begin to recognize that both they and the attachment figure have separate goals and perspectives, which they learn to negotiate.
-the child’s experience forms an internal model

Question 14

What four aspects of family functioning did Diana Baumrind focus on? (4)

Answer 14

-warmth of nurturance
-clarity and consistency of rules
-levels of expectations
-communication between parent and child

Question 15

Describe warmth of nurturance

Answer 15

-parents show affection and are sensitive to children’s needs

Question 16

Describe clarity and consistency of rules

Answer 16

-having clear routines and a predictable schedule, keeping rules consistent

Question 17

Describe levels of expectations

Answer 17

-parents have expectations for mature behavior

Question 18

Describe communication between parent and child

Answer 18

-open, regular communication that includes listening to the child

Question 19

According to Maccoby, Martin and Baumrind, what are the 2 dimensions for parenting styles?

Answer 19

-control and acceptance

Question 20

Describe the four parenting styles under the two dimensions of control and acceptance.

Answer 20

High C + A: Authoritative
High C + low A: Authoritarian
Low C + high A: permissive
Low c + low a: uninvolved

Question 21

Describe the authoritarian parenting style. “Do it because I say so.” What are the outcomes for children? (3)

Answer 21

-high in control, with many rules and a demand for obedience
-relatively low in acceptance, may be cold and frequent criticism
Outcomes for children: lower self-esteem and self-concept, more anxiety or hostility/aggression.

Question 22

Describe the permissive parenting style. “I love you, do as you please.” What are the outcomes for children? (3)

Answer 22

-high in acceptance, warm but overindulging
-low in control, few demands and child makes decisions
Outcomes: may do less well academically, less responsibility, less independence, immaturity

Question 23

Describe the uninvolved parenting style. “I don’t care about you or what you do.” What are the outcomes for children? (3)

Answer 23

-low acceptance, disengagement from children
-low control, few guidelines
Outcome: neglect, impulsivity, anti-social behavior, difficulty with relationships

Question 24

Describe the Authoritative parenting style. “Love and limits.” What are the outcomes for children? (3)

Answer 24

-high in acceptance, provide love and support
-high in control, high expectations and rationale for decisions and gradual autonomy decision making
Outcome: higher self control, task persistence, cooperativeness, higher self esteem

Question 25

What did Chao and Willms find for percentage of Canadian’s with each parenting style in 1998 and 2002? (4)

Answer 25

authoritative: 33% (1/5 children had behavioral problems)
authoritarian: 25%
permissive: 25%
uninvolved: 15% (1/2 had behavioral problems)

Question 26

What is hostile/ineffective parenting? What were the results for persistent behavior problems? (2)

Answer 26

-manipulates behavior through sarcasm, put-downs, mixes anger with punishment
-problems 9x higher than children not exposed to this

Question 27

Why is the authoritative style so effective? (4)

Answer 27

-fair control
-models caring concern and self-control
-provision of reinforcement
-autonomy granting

Question 28

In Asian American families, children of authoritative parent’s experience what or do what?

Answer 28

-often score higher on academic achievement.

Question 29

In Indigenous communities, permissive parenting is associated with what?

Answer 29

-it is not associated with these same negative effects as it often includes a communal social network

Question 30

What may contribute to the parenting styles someone uses? (4)

Answer 30

-parental self-esteem
-their access to services
-child-rearing role models
-direct assistance with child-rearing

Question 31

What is discipline?

Answer 31

-training/teaching that develops self-control, moral character and proper conduct

Question 32

What are some challenges with punishment? (3)

Answer 32

-risk of injury if physical
-inducement of fear or hostility
-children only learn what not to do

Question 33

What are other approaches to discpline?

Answer 33

-time out (behavioral theory), inductive discipline (explained why a particular behavior is wrong), proactive approach (focus on parenting communication)

Question 34

What is the most common parental structure for children aged 0-5 years?

Answer 34

-two parent family

Question 35

What percent of families are lone parent?

Answer 35

-17.5%

Question 36

Children living in post-divorce/separation situations have higher prevalence of what?

Answer 36

-problems in most areas including school performance, more aggression or depressed behavior

Question 37

Why do children living in post-divorce/separation situations seem to face negative effects? (3)

Answer 37

-reduction in financial and emotional resources available to support the child
-transition to a new family structure
-shift away from authoritative parenting

Question 38

What is related to the development of social skills?

Answer 38

-play

Question 39

What are social skills?

Answer 39

-a set of behaviors that usually leads to being accepted as a play partner or friend by peers

Question 40

When does physical aggression decrease and indirect aggression begin?

Answer 40

-PA peaks at age 2 and IA increases to age 11

Question 41

What is indirect aggression?

Answer 41

-gossiping for example

Question 42

Most children show declining levels of physical aggression with low levels of what between the age of 2-8 years?

Answer 42

-indirect aggression

Question 43

Most children who are low on physical aggression to begin with stay low on what?

Answer 43

-indirect aggression

Question 44

Children who have high levels of physical aggression usually show increasing levels of what over time?

Answer 44

-indirect aggression

Question 45

What are risk factors for aggression in children?

Answer 45

-may run in family culture, reinforcement and modelling, epigeneitcs

Question 46

Studies show that changes in parenting style can lead to changes in what?

Answer 46

-a child’s aggression or anxiety levels, suggesting that parenting practices can either mitigate or exacerbate these behaviors.

Question 47

What was Bandura’s Bobo doll studies?

Answer 47

-studies on observational learning showed that children who observed adults acting aggressively (like hitting a Bobo doll) were more likely to imitate this aggressive behavior, suggesting that aggression can be learned by watching others.

Question 48

Children exposed to violence at home are how many times as likely to exhibit aggression themselves?

Answer 48

-two times

Question 49

Parents of altruistic children exhibit what traits? (5)

Answer 49

-draw child’s attention to how others are feeling
-model thoughtful and generous behavior
-explain the effects of the child’s behavior
-look for opportunities for children to do helpful things
-giving prosocial attributions that children can internalize

Question 50

What is self-concept?

Answer 50

-the emotional self (understanding and managing one’s emotions including emotional regulation)