Chapter 10 - Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood Flashcards
What is the theme for social and emotional development for middle childhood?
-self-perceived competence
What is self-perceived competence? Example. (2)
-how well you think you are at certain things
Example: you are good at math and this changes the way you develop over time
What did Erickson say children’s conflict were in the 7-11 age group?
-industry vs inferiority
What is the industry vs inferiority stage? Example (2)
-children develop a sense of their own competence through mastery of culturally defined learning tasks
Example: children are learning to read during this age, they may feel competent of they may not
What does the trait perspective say about social and emotional development of children aged around 7-11 years? What questions does it ask? (2)
-it focuses on individual differences in emotional responses to childhood experiences
-how can certain traits contribute to the development of feelings of competence?
What are the 5 major dimensions in the big five personality traits? (5)
-openness vs. unimaginativeness
-conscientiousness (responsible, order) vs. irresponsibility
-extraversion (outgoing) vs. introversion
-agreeableness vs. disagreeableness
-neuroticism (tendency towards negative emotions and ups and downs) vs stability
Describe how Bandura’s reciprocal determinism relates to social and emotional development in middle childhood.
-there is a complex interaction between personal factors, behaviours and environmental influences that cause us to develop unique characteristics in our social and emotional development and that if you change one thing you could end up with a different result
What two new components occur during this age range for children’s self concepts? (2)
-psychological self
-valued self
What is the psychological self?
-an understanding of one’s stable, internal traits and self-judgements of competency
What is the valued self?
-your value of yourself as an individual
As children develop, what happens to the psychological self? Example (2)
-it becomes less tied to external features or surface qualities and incorporates more complex feelings and idea
Example: 7-year old says I’m tall, blond and im smart
11 year old says I am a friendly person and I like dancing and performing. I’m tall and pretty.
What is self-efficacy a part of and what is it?
-a part of the psychological self, your belief that you can accomplish something (related to feelings of competency)
What are factors that influence self-efficacy according to Bandura? (3)
Peer models: children draw social comparisons
Encouragement: someone encourages you, especially respected people
Real life experiences: most powerful factor
What is self-esteem part of and what is it?
-part of the valued self, and is the global evaluation of one’s own self-worth
When does self-esteem develop from? Example (3)
-the amount of discrepancy between what a child values and what the child thinks they have achieved
-social support and acceptance
Example: being good at sports will only lead to positive self-esteem if the child values that skill
How might parental expectations affect self-esteem?
-if a parent wants their child to go into law and doesn’t really support or accept their interest in art, the child may have lower self-esteem
How can we support children in developing self-esteem?
-join them in the activities they love doing, coach or mentor them, do not apply our own childhood projections
What does the understanding of internal experiences and ability to reason in middle childhood lead to?
-a better understanding of morality
What develops alongside concrete operational reasoning?
-moral reasoning
What are the two stages of moral development? (2)
-moral realism stage
-moral relativism stage
What is the moral realism stage?
-black and white thinking, rules are inflexible
What is the moral relativism stage?
-after age 8, children understand that many rules can be changed through social agreement, they know this because children have better understanding of the role of intentions
What is middle childhood a time for increasing?
-independence and self-regulation
What is self-regulation?
-conforming to behavioural standards without direct supervision
How do children develop self-regulation? (2)
-parents model self-regulation
-high expectations for behaviour and parental monitoring
What does having a best friend in middle childhood signify?
-indicator of social competence and development
View of friendship moves from what around age 10?
-proximity (I’m friends because we are on the same soccer team) to reciprocal trust (both people trust each other)
Describe the gender differences in form and style of play for girls and boys? (2)
Girls: play in pairs or smaller social groups; show high levels of compliance and self-disclosure
Boys: spread out over physical areas and more competitive play
What is theme for both girls and boys in play during this age group?
-overall themes of cooperation
During middle childhood, what are the trends for aggression?
-declining physical aggression but increasing indirect aggression (including relational aggression and retaliatory aggression)
What is indirect aggression?
-non-violent aggression
What is relational aggression?
-damaging another person’s self-esteem or peer relationships (gossiping)
What is retaliatory aggression?
-aggression to get back at someone who has hurt you, especially because children at this age begin to understand intentions better
Have prosocial problem solving programs been effective?
-decreases in physical and verbal aggression, increases in prosocial behaviour
Do children take on more consistent roles in aggressive interaction during middle childhood?
-yes, roles like perpetrator, victim etc
What are the three social statuses children categorize themselves into during middle childhood? (3)
-Popular, rejected (actively rejected by peers) and neglected (left out)
What are the type of rejection during middle childhood? (2)
-withdrawn-rejected (they just withdraw to deal with it)
-aggressive-rejected (they respond through aggression or force)
