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5. Networks > Chapter 8: Routing > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Routing Flashcards

1
Q

Router

A

Any piece of hardware or software that forwards packets based on their destination IP address.

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2
Q

Routing Table

A

A list of paths to various networks required by routers.

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3
Q

What two fields of a routing table are used to determine the route needed?

A

Destination LAN IP and Subnet Mask

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4
Q

What two fields of a routing table tell the router what to do with the packet?

A

Gateway (for IP of next hop)
and
Interface (for port to use)

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5
Q

If the network ID is directly connected, then the gateway field of the routing table gets set to _________

A

0.0.0.0
or
IP address of port you’re sending to

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6
Q

Command to see your routing table in Linux/OSX

A

netstat -r

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7
Q

Metric

A

A relative value that defines the cost of using this route. (Lowest routes win)

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8
Q

Network Address Translation (NAT)

A

A means of translating a system’s IP address into another IP address before sending it out to a larger network.
Gives individual systems private IPs, and hides them behind the public IP

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9
Q

Port Address Translation (PAT)

A

Form of NAT that uses port numbers to map traffic from specific machines in the network.

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10
Q

NAT Translation Table

A

Special database in a NAT router that stores destination IP addresses and ephemeral source ports from outgoing packets and compares them against returning packets.

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11
Q

Static NAT (SNAT)

A

Maps a single routable (public) IP address to a single machine, allowing you to access that machine from outside the network.

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12
Q

Port Forwarding

A

Preventing the passage of any IP packets through any ports other than the ones prescribed by the system administrator.

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13
Q

Dynamic NAT (DNAT)

A

Type of NAT in which many computers can share a pool of routable IP addresses that number fewer than the computers.

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14
Q

Static Route

A

An entry in a router’s routing table that is not updated by any automatic route discovery protocols.

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15
Q

Hop

A

Each time a packet goes through a router

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16
Q

Possible Criteria for Determining a Metric

A

1) Hop
2) Bandwidth
3) Latency
4) Cost
5) Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
6) Shortest Path Bridging (SPB)
7) Administrative Distance

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17
Q

Fragmentation

A

When a packet is too big and it’s broken into pieces.

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18
Q

Distance Vector

A

Routing protocols that calculate the total cost to get to a particular network ID and compare that cost to the total cost of all other routes to get to that same network. It chooses the route with the lowest cost.

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19
Q

Convergence

A

When routers using distance vector protocols continue sending their routing tables to each other, but the routing tables don’t change.

20
Q

What size of network is distance vector good for?

A

Smaller networks with less than 10 routers or so.

21
Q

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

A

Distance vector routing protocol that dates from the 1980s

22
Q

Autonomous System (AS)

A

One or more networks that are governed by a single dynamic routing protocol, which provides routing for the Internet backbone.

23
Q

AS Number

A

32 bit number displayed as two 16 bit numbers separated by a dot.

24
Q

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)

A

The protocols AS’s use to communicate with each other

25
Q

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)

A

The protocols that networks within an AS use to communicate

26
Q

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

A
  • An exterior gateway routing protocol that enables groups of routers to share routing information so that efficient, loop-free routes can be established.
  • Hybrid or path vector routing protocol
27
Q

Edge-routers

A

The routers that handle AS-to-AS routing

28
Q

Route Aggregation

A

A way to simplify routing tables into manageable levels. Basically a tiering system, like a tree.

29
Q

Link State

A

Type of dynamic routing protocol that announces only changes to routing tables, as opposed to the entire routing tables.

30
Q

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

A

An interior gateway routing protocol developed for IP networks based on the link state algorithm.

31
Q

When you first launch OSPF-capable routers, they send out _________ called Hello packets looking for other OSPF routers

A

Link State Advertisements (LSAs)

32
Q

What is the routing protocol of choice for most large enterprise networks?

A

OSPF

33
Q

Flooding

A

When a new router is sending a lot of LSAs

34
Q

Formula for hop cost in OSPF

A

100,000,000/(bandwidth in bps)

35
Q

Area

A

A group of logically associated OSPF routers designed to maximize routing efficiency while keeping the amount of broadcast traffic well managed.

36
Q

Area ID

A

Address assigned to routers in an OSPF network to prevent flooding beyond the routers in that particular network.

37
Q

When you interconnect multiple areas, what is the area id of the backbone?

A

0 or 0.0.0.0

38
Q

Route Redistribution

A

When a multiprotocol router learns route info using on protocol and announces that info using another routing protocol.

39
Q

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)

A

A protocol similar to OSPF, but with support for IPv6 since inception.

40
Q

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

A

Cisco’s proprietary hybrid protocol that has elements of both distance vector and link state routing.

41
Q

Yost Cable

A

A cable used to interface with a Cisco device

42
Q

Managed Device

A

Networking devices, such as routers and advanced switches, that must be configured to use.

43
Q

Network Management Software (NMS)

A

Tools that enable you to describe, visualize, and configure an entire network.

44
Q

Basic Router Configuration Process

A

1) Set up the WAN side
2) Set up the LAN
3) Establish Routes
4) Configure a Dynamic Protocol

45
Q

When packets aren’t getting to the places you expect them, check the __________.

A

routing table

5. Networks (22 decks)

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