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5. Networks > Chapter 14: Remote Connectivity > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Remote Connectivity Flashcards

1
Q

Modulation Techniques

A

The various multiplexing and demultiplexing technologies and protocols, both analog and digital.

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2
Q

Multiplexer

A

A device that merges information from multiple input channels to a single output channel.

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3
Q

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

A

A process of keeping individual phone calls separate by adding a different frequency multiplier to each phone call.

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4
Q

DS0

A

The digital signal rate created by converting analog sound into 8-bit chunks 8000 times a second, with a data stream of 64 Kbps. This is the simplest digital data stream.

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5
Q

How many wires are used for sending and how many are used for receiving in a T1 line?

A

2 for each

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6
Q

What is the connector on a T1 line?

A

RJ-48C

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7
Q

CSU/DSU

A

A piece of equipment that connects a T-carrier leased line from the telephone company to a customer’s equipment (such as a router).

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8
Q

DS1

A
  • The signaling method used by T1 lines.
  • Consists of 25 pieces: a framing bit and 24 channels (each like a single DS0 data channel)
  • 1.544 Mbps throughput
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9
Q

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

A

The process of having frames that carry a bit of every channel in every frame sent at a regular interval in a T1 connection.

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10
Q

Fractional T1 Access

A

Only buying some of the channels on a T1 line

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11
Q

Channels and Speed of T1

A

24 channels

1.544 Mbps

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12
Q

Channels and Speed of T3

A

672 channels

44.736 Mbps

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13
Q

Channels and Speed of E1

A

32 channels

2.048 Mbps

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14
Q

Channels and Speed of E3

A

512 channels

34.368 Mbps

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15
Q

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

A
  • The primary fiber carrier standard for connecting long distance, high speed, fiber-optic transmission systems.
  • Defines interface standards at the Physical layer.
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16
Q

Optical Carrier (OC)

A

Specification used to denote the optical data carrying capacity of fiber-optic cables in networks conforming to the SONET standard.

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17
Q

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

A

Allows an individual single mode fiber to carry multiple signals by giving each signal a different wavelength by using different colors of laser light.

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18
Q

Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM)

A

Relies on multiple wavelengths of light to carry a fast signal over long distances, but can only realistically go 60km.

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19
Q

Synchronous Transport Signal (STS)

A

The signal method used by SONET, consisting of the STS payload and the STS overhead.

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20
Q

For some SONET optical carrier OC-X, what is the line speed?

A

X times 51.85 Mbps (for example, OC-3 has a line speed of 3 times 51.85 ~= 155.52)

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21
Q

X.25

A
  • The first generation of packet-switching technology, enables remote devices to communicate with each other across high-speed digital links without the expense of individual leased lines.
  • Also referred to as CCITT Packet Switching Protocol
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22
Q

Frame Relay

A

An efficient data transmission technique used to send digital info such as voice, data, LAN, and WAN traffic quickly and cost-efficiently to many destinations from one port

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23
Q

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

A
  • A packet switching technology that runs at speeds between 25 and 622 Mbps.
  • Integrates voice, video, and data on one connection.
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24
Q

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

A

A router feature that labels certain data to use a desired connection.

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25
Q

4 parts of a MPLS header

A

1) Label (what kind of data)
2) Cost of Service (CoS) (importance of the packet)
3) A single bit value set to 1
4) Time to Live (TTL)

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26
Q

Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)

A

A group of devices that tend to send their packets to the same place.

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27
Q

Label Switching Router (LSR)

A

Looks for and forwards packets based on their MPLS label

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28
Q

Label Edge Router (LER)

A

An MPLS router that adds MPLS labels to incoming packets that do not yet have a label.

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29
Q

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

A

The protocol used by LSRs and LERs to communicate dynamic info about their state.

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30
Q

Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)

A

Enables the creation of a logical connection on top of a physical connection between nodes that communicate frequently or continuously (Used for VPNs, basically a permanent VPN that your ISP sets up for you)

31
Q

Bit Error Rate Test (BERT)

A

An end to end test that verifies a T-carrier connection

32
Q

Dedicated Line

A

A telephone line that is an always connected circuit, and don’t usually have telephone numbers because of that.

33
Q

Dial-up line

A

Telephone line with a telephone number

34
Q

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

A

The most common type of phone connection, which takes your sounds, translated into an analog waveform by the microphone, and transmits them to another phone.

35
Q

Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)

A

The telephone company that provides local connections.

36
Q

Interexchange Carrier (IXC)

A

A company that provides long distance service.

37
Q

Baud

A

One analog cycle on a telephone line.

38
Q

Modem

A
  • A device that converts both digital bit streams into analog signals and incoming analog signals back into digital signals.
  • Most commonly used to connect telephone lines to computers
39
Q

V standards

A

Standards established for modem manufacturers to follow to ensure compatible speeds, compression, and error connection.

40
Q

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

A

The process of sending telephone transmission across fully digital lines end-to end.

41
Q

B channels

A

Carry data and voice info using standard DS0 channels (64kbps)

42
Q

D channels

A

Carry setup and config info at 16 kbps

43
Q

Basic Rate Interface (BRI) setup

A

Two B channels and one D channel

44
Q

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

A

A full T1 line, carrying 23 B channels

45
Q

Terminal Adapter (TA)

A

The most common interface used to connect a computer to an ISDN line.

46
Q

Max Distance of ISDN

A

18,000 feet

47
Q

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

A

A fully digital, dedicated connection over telephone lines.

48
Q

Symmetric DSL (SDSL)

A
  • Type of DSL connection that provides equal upload and download speed.
  • In theory provides speeds up to 15 Mbps, but the majority actually range from 192 Kbps to 9 Mbps
49
Q

Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)

A
  • Provides theoretical max download speeds of 15 Mbps

- Upload speeds up to 1 Mbps

50
Q

DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)

A

A device located in a telephone company’s central office that connects multiple customers to the Internet.

51
Q

3 information channels of a DSL line

A

1) High-speed downstream channel
2) Medium-speed duplex channel
3) POTS channel

52
Q

POTS Filter

A

Makes sure only the POTS signals go down the POTS line in a DSL connection.

53
Q

Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)

A
  • A protocol that was originally designed to encapsulate PPP frames into Ethernet frames.
  • Used by DSL providers to force customers to log into their DSL connection.
54
Q

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)

A

The protocol used by cable modem networks

55
Q

Cable modems have speeds between…

A

5-100 Mbps

56
Q

One-Way Satellite Connection

A

You download via satellite but you must use a PSTN/dial-up modem connection for uploads.

57
Q

Global System for Mobile (GSM)

A
  • The first group of networking technologies widely applied to mobile devices.
  • Uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
58
Q

Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)

A

The final wireless 3G data standard, transferring theoretical max speeds up to 168 Mbps, but rarely passing 10 Mbps

59
Q

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A

Multiple computers connected within the same city.

A network available to all citizens of the city.

60
Q

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

A

4G technology now dominating wireless service.

Up to 300 Mbps download, 75 Mbps upload

61
Q

IEEE 802.16

A

-Wireless standard called WiMax with a range of up to 30 miles.

62
Q

Hotspot

A

A device that connects via cellular and enables other devices to connect to the Internet.

63
Q

Passive Optical Network (PON)

A

A fiber architecture that uses a single fiber to the neighborhood switch and the individual fiber runs to each final destination.

64
Q

5 Things Dial-Up Requires

A

1) A modem
2) The phone number to dial (provided by ISP)
3) Username/Password (provided by the ISP)
4) Type of connection (PPP)
5) IP info (provided by ISP)

65
Q

Private Dial-Up Connection

A

Connects a remote system to a private network, and does not use the Internet!

66
Q

Remote Access Server (RAS)

A

The hardware and software of a remote access solution.

67
Q

How decibels work

A

A solid signal is 0dB
When a signal degrades, a negative number
When a signal increases, a positive number

68
Q

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)

A

A Microsoft-created remote terminal protocol.

Port 3389

69
Q

VoIP

A

Using an IP network to transfer voice calls.

70
Q

Real-time Transfer Protocol (RTP)

A

-Protocol that defines the type of packets used on the Internet to move voice or data from a server to clients. –Used by VoIP

71
Q

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and H.323

A
  • Protocols that handle initiation, setup, and delivery of VoIP sessions.
  • SIP port 5060/5061
  • H.323 port 1720
72
Q

Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)

A
  • Runs on top of RTP and is used by many streaming video servers.
  • TCP port 554
73
Q

What to do if there is loss of Internet connectivity from the WAN

A 
Your computer needs 
1) A legit IP address
2) Subnet Mask
3) Default Gateway
4) DNS address
Check them.
74
Q

Before investigating the WAN…

A

Investigate the LAN

5. Networks (22 decks)

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