Chapter 8; Race and Ethnicity Flashcards
Ethnicity
cultural characteristics such as language, religion, taste in food, shared descent, cultural traditions, and shared geographic locations
ethnic origin/objective ethnicity
ancestral background
ethnic identity/subjective ethnicity
how you personally identify yourself
race
a socially constructed category used to classify people according to physical characteristics
racialization
the process by which groups come to be designated as being of a particular race and on that basis subjected to different/unequal treatment
visible minorities
persons, other than Indigenous persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or colour
racialized group
people of colour who are disproportionately affected by the process of racialization
percents
21% foreign born, 5% express Indigenous identity, 19% belong to racialized groups
By when will more Canadians will either be foreign born or 1st gen immigrants
2036
refugee
person forced to flee because of persecution
Immigration and refugee protection act objectives
reunite families
contribute to Canadas economic development
protect refugees
family class immigrants
are sponsored by close relatives living in Canada
economic immigrants
selected on the basis of education, occupational skills, ect. and the ability to contribute to the Canadian economy
when did immigration in Canada peak
1913, 400,000 people
What is immigration motivated by
push factors; motivate people to leave their country of origin, and pull factors; economic prosperity, need for workers, and immigration policies
racialization in immigration policies
chinese head tax
chinese exclusion act
a gentlemans agreement with Japan (400/year)
the continuous journey regulation (no immigrants from India)
prohibition of hutterites, mennonites, and doukhobors
black people discouraged
no jews
what happened in 1960 to the immigration policy?
a points based immigration system was implemented and race, ethnicity, and nationality were removed as components of the immigration policy
family experiences
nuclear families vs. extended households
family independence
immigrant families have more adult supervison
immigrant children are more likely to co-reside with parents longer
bicultural
participating in 2 distinct cultures simultaneously
adaptation patterns
integration pattern
ethnic pattern
national pattern
diffuse pattern
integration pattern
where youth identify with both their heritage culture and their new, national culture
ethnic pattern
youth identify primarily with their heritage culture
national pattern
youth identify primarily with their new, national culture
diffuse pattern
youth who are confused about how they should be adapting to their bi-cultural experiences
diverse economic experiences
indigenous
employment rate 73%
26/hour
1/2 population went to post secondary
non-indigenous
employment rate 87%
27.41/hour
2/3 went to post secondary
level of education impacts the degree of income disparity
who has a lower average income despite having higher levels of education
immigrants
income disparity has increased
why the disadvantage for the immigrant population
degree of proficiency in english/french
real or perceived differences in education or labour market experience
level of support within the ethnic community
willingness to move within canada
preference for canadian work experience
discrimination
dominant groups
have institutionalized power and privilege in society
minority groups
definable groups that are socially disadvantaged and face unequal treatment
forms of interactions between dominant and minority groups
- assimilation
ethnocide
the indian act
residential schools - cultural pluralism
- segregation
- population transfer
assimilation and the different types
when a minority group is absorbed into the culture of the dominant group. can be voluntary; ex. immigration, or coercive; ex. colonization
assimilation is more likely to be segmented than linear
ethnocide
the eradication of a culture
the indian act
made all first nations people wards of the federal government
residential schools
a boarding school funded by the canadian government used to assimilate indigenous kids, death rate of 47%
cultural pluralism
cultural differences are celebrated and maintained ex. switzerland, ethnic diversity is valued in society. Canada, multiculturalism as an official policy
objectives of cultural pluralism
assist cultural groups to retain their identity
assist cultural groups to overcome barriers to their full participation in canadian society
promote creative exchanges among all canadian culture groups
assist immigrants in acquiring at least 1 official language
3 stages of federal multiculturalism
- incipent stage (pre 1971), institutions based on a british model
- formative period (1971-1981), multiculturalism became an official policy
- institutionalization (1982), multiculturalism was legislated
segregation
minority groups are seperated from the dominant group
anti-miscegenation laws; prohibited interracial marriage
population transfer
forcibly expels members of certain minority groups from a country or limits them to a location ex. reserve system, acadians, ukrainian/japanese internment camps
prejudice
an attitude unrelated to reality and is generalized to all members of a certain group
racism
specific form of prejudice based on aspects of physical appearance
components of prejudice
cognitive component
affective components
behavioural component
cognitive component
what we think, stereotypes are the foundation (overgeneralizations)
affective component
how we feel, the emotions we attach to stereotypes
behavioural component
how we act, prejudice put into action is discrimination: treating someone unfairly because of their group membership, occurs from the individual to the institutional level
hate crimes
criminal offences that are motivated by hate towards an identifiable group
institutional/systemic discrimination
is embedded in policies/practices within organizations, ex. discriminatory hiring practices
interactionist theories
significant others, the generalized other, and the looking-glass self contribute to our understandings of ethnicity and group relationships
framing of ethnicity in the media have important implications
frames of ethnicity
invisibility: members of racialized groups are absent from the media
stereotyping
socially problematic: racialized groups are portrayed as a threat to society
adornment: suggests overidealization
white-washed: experiences of racialized groups are portrayed as the same as non-racialized groups (includes white actors playing non-white roles)
conflict theories
groups in power have a vested interest in maintaining prejudice, if powerless groups are fighting among themselves, they will not join together to fight against the larger structure of power in society
dual/split labour market theory
members of the dominant group develop prejudice against minority groups to protect their positions in the primary labour market (higher paid, more secure jobs with upward mobility). the secondary labour market=poorly paid, insecure, little opportunity for advancement, minority groups are overrepresent
critical race theory
racism is not the product of prejudice, rather it is the typical way that society conducts its affairs.
white privilege: the advancement/benefits in society that are based solely on being white, is embedded in every institution
