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Sociology > Chapter 8; Race and Ethnicity > Flashcards

Chapter 8; Race and Ethnicity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ethnicity

A

cultural characteristics such as language, religion, taste in food, shared descent, cultural traditions, and shared geographic locations

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2
Q

ethnic origin/objective ethnicity

A

ancestral background

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3
Q

ethnic identity/subjective ethnicity

A

how you personally identify yourself

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4
Q

race

A

a socially constructed category used to classify people according to physical characteristics

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5
Q

racialization

A

the process by which groups come to be designated as being of a particular race and on that basis subjected to different/unequal treatment

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6
Q

visible minorities

A

persons, other than Indigenous persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or colour

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7
Q

racialized group

A

people of colour who are disproportionately affected by the process of racialization

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8
Q

percents

A

21% foreign born, 5% express Indigenous identity, 19% belong to racialized groups

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9
Q

By when will more Canadians will either be foreign born or 1st gen immigrants

A

2036

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10
Q

refugee

A

person forced to flee because of persecution

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11
Q

Immigration and refugee protection act objectives

A

reunite families
contribute to Canadas economic development
protect refugees

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12
Q

family class immigrants

A

are sponsored by close relatives living in Canada

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13
Q

economic immigrants

A

selected on the basis of education, occupational skills, ect. and the ability to contribute to the Canadian economy

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14
Q

when did immigration in Canada peak

A

1913, 400,000 people

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15
Q

What is immigration motivated by

A

push factors; motivate people to leave their country of origin, and pull factors; economic prosperity, need for workers, and immigration policies

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16
Q

racialization in immigration policies

A

chinese head tax
chinese exclusion act
a gentlemans agreement with Japan (400/year)
the continuous journey regulation (no immigrants from India)
prohibition of hutterites, mennonites, and doukhobors
black people discouraged
no jews

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17
Q

what happened in 1960 to the immigration policy?

A

a points based immigration system was implemented and race, ethnicity, and nationality were removed as components of the immigration policy

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18
Q

family experiences

A

nuclear families vs. extended households

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19
Q

family independence

A

immigrant families have more adult supervison
immigrant children are more likely to co-reside with parents longer

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20
Q

bicultural

A

participating in 2 distinct cultures simultaneously

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21
Q

adaptation patterns

A

integration pattern
ethnic pattern
national pattern
diffuse pattern

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22
Q

integration pattern

A

where youth identify with both their heritage culture and their new, national culture

23
Q

ethnic pattern

A

youth identify primarily with their heritage culture

24
Q

national pattern

A

youth identify primarily with their new, national culture

25
Q

diffuse pattern

A

youth who are confused about how they should be adapting to their bi-cultural experiences

26
Q

diverse economic experiences

A

indigenous
employment rate 73%
26/hour
1/2 population went to post secondary
non-indigenous
employment rate 87%
27.41/hour
2/3 went to post secondary
level of education impacts the degree of income disparity

27
Q

who has a lower average income despite having higher levels of education

A

immigrants
income disparity has increased

28
Q

why the disadvantage for the immigrant population

A

degree of proficiency in english/french
real or perceived differences in education or labour market experience
level of support within the ethnic community
willingness to move within canada
preference for canadian work experience
discrimination

29
Q

dominant groups

A

have institutionalized power and privilege in society

30
Q

minority groups

A

definable groups that are socially disadvantaged and face unequal treatment

31
Q

forms of interactions between dominant and minority groups

A
  1. assimilation
    ethnocide
    the indian act
    residential schools
  2. cultural pluralism
  3. segregation
  4. population transfer
32
Q

assimilation and the different types

A

when a minority group is absorbed into the culture of the dominant group. can be voluntary; ex. immigration, or coercive; ex. colonization
assimilation is more likely to be segmented than linear

33
Q

ethnocide

A

the eradication of a culture

34
Q

the indian act

A

made all first nations people wards of the federal government

35
Q

residential schools

A

a boarding school funded by the canadian government used to assimilate indigenous kids, death rate of 47%

36
Q

cultural pluralism

A

cultural differences are celebrated and maintained ex. switzerland, ethnic diversity is valued in society. Canada, multiculturalism as an official policy

37
Q

objectives of cultural pluralism

A

assist cultural groups to retain their identity
assist cultural groups to overcome barriers to their full participation in canadian society
promote creative exchanges among all canadian culture groups
assist immigrants in acquiring at least 1 official language

38
Q

3 stages of federal multiculturalism

A
  1. incipent stage (pre 1971), institutions based on a british model
  2. formative period (1971-1981), multiculturalism became an official policy
  3. institutionalization (1982), multiculturalism was legislated
39
Q

segregation

A

minority groups are seperated from the dominant group
anti-miscegenation laws; prohibited interracial marriage

39
Q

population transfer

A

forcibly expels members of certain minority groups from a country or limits them to a location ex. reserve system, acadians, ukrainian/japanese internment camps

40
Q

prejudice

A

an attitude unrelated to reality and is generalized to all members of a certain group

41
Q

racism

A

specific form of prejudice based on aspects of physical appearance

42
Q

components of prejudice

A

cognitive component
affective components
behavioural component

42
Q

cognitive component

A

what we think, stereotypes are the foundation (overgeneralizations)

43
Q

affective component

A

how we feel, the emotions we attach to stereotypes

44
Q

behavioural component

A

how we act, prejudice put into action is discrimination: treating someone unfairly because of their group membership, occurs from the individual to the institutional level

45
Q

hate crimes

A

criminal offences that are motivated by hate towards an identifiable group

46
Q

institutional/systemic discrimination

A

is embedded in policies/practices within organizations, ex. discriminatory hiring practices

47
Q

interactionist theories

A

significant others, the generalized other, and the looking-glass self contribute to our understandings of ethnicity and group relationships
framing of ethnicity in the media have important implications

48
Q

frames of ethnicity

A

invisibility: members of racialized groups are absent from the media
stereotyping
socially problematic: racialized groups are portrayed as a threat to society
adornment: suggests overidealization
white-washed: experiences of racialized groups are portrayed as the same as non-racialized groups (includes white actors playing non-white roles)

49
Q

conflict theories

A

groups in power have a vested interest in maintaining prejudice, if powerless groups are fighting among themselves, they will not join together to fight against the larger structure of power in society

50
Q

dual/split labour market theory

A

members of the dominant group develop prejudice against minority groups to protect their positions in the primary labour market (higher paid, more secure jobs with upward mobility). the secondary labour market=poorly paid, insecure, little opportunity for advancement, minority groups are overrepresent

51
Q

critical race theory

A

racism is not the product of prejudice, rather it is the typical way that society conducts its affairs.
white privilege: the advancement/benefits in society that are based solely on being white, is embedded in every institution

Sociology (15 decks)

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