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Sociology > Chapter 4; Socialization > Flashcards

Chapter 4; Socialization Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

personal-social identity continuum

A

range of traits you posses that emphasize the way you see yourself as an individual on one end and those that define your membership in a group on the other side; includes physical attributes, ascribed characteristics (ex. Indigenous, male), likes/dislikes, group affiliations

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2
Q

master status

A

the most influential status in a persons status set, are so fundamental to who we are they shape almost every aspect of our lives and take precedence over other characteristics, central to how other people view you; sex, gender, race, ethnicity

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3
Q

auxiliary traits

A

other characteristics associated with a master status, ex. parent= nurturing, however others might associate parent with strict

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4
Q

self

A

our knowledge of ourselves as entities separate and distinct from others

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5
Q

self-concept

A

an individual’s sense of who they are based on perceived similarities and differences from other, subjective, social

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6
Q

how do we develop the basis of comparison that creates our self-concept?

A

through interaction with others and internalization of cultural standards

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7
Q

socialization

A

life-long process through which people learn about themselves and their roles in society in relation to one another; includes learning the norms, values, language, knowledge, understanding, and experiences that shape our social and personal identities

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8
Q

social identities

A

who we are in terms of the social groups we are a part of

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9
Q

personal identities

A

the ways we consider ourselves to be unique from others

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10
Q

biological determinism

A

belief that human behaviour is controlled by genetics

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11
Q

sociobiology

A

evolutionary perspective focused on how groups develop social behaviours and adapt to environments given existing genetic traits

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12
Q

sexual strategies theory

A

explains varied mate preferences and selection behaviours as an adaptive function

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13
Q

what biological factors can help explain social behaviours?

A

genes, enzymes, and hormones, ex. serotonin, norepinephrine, testosterone can affect aggression

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14
Q

behaviourism

A

John B. Watson, nurture side of the debate; school of thought that claims all behaviour could be attributed to learning from the environment and denies free will

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15
Q

Methodological/radical behaviourism

A

B.F. Skinner; learning is a function of the consequences that follow behaviours (rewards/reinforcements and punishments)

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16
Q

Bandura

A

learning comes from observation and imitation

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17
Q

Bio-ecological theory of human development

A

Bronfenbrenner; views human development as a process of reciprocal interaction in which humans play an important role in shaping the environments they develop in; include micro-level influences like parents, peers as well as macro-level influences like the economy, social services, politics

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18
Q

epigenetics

A

study of how genes changes

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19
Q

Mead on development

A

human capacity for acting and reacting in relation to others based on shared meanings is the essence of developing the social self

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20
Q

reflexive self

A

can take into account itself (as an object), itself in relation to others (as a subject), and the views of wider society (generalized other)

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21
Q

prepatory stage

A

Mead; the stage of play where children only imitate

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22
Q

play stage

A

the stage where children take on one role at a time, ex. playing house

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23
Q

game stage

A

the stage where children can account for several different roles at once, at this point they have developed the generalized other

24
Q

socialized self/generalized other

A

the ability to perceive the expectations of society and the perspectives of other people

25
Q

“I” part of the self

A

Mead; uninhibited, spontaneous, impulsive self that is unique to the person; one’s personality traits that form self-concept, subconscious desires, and creative potential

26
Q

“Me” part of the self

A

socialized self and internalized set of attitudes gained from role-taking/ interacting with others based on societal expectations (generalized other)

27
Q

looking-glass self

A

Charles Horton Cooley; sense of ourselves that we develop based on our perceptions of how others view us, 3 core components:
1. we imagine how we appear to others
2. we imagine how they judge that appearance
3. we incorporate the perceived judgement into our own self of sense

28
Q

looking-glass self orientation

A

people who are more dependent on other’s perceptions for their self of sense, causes less stability in ones identity and a higher chance of depression and anxiety

29
Q

agents of socialization

A

the groups institutions and social settings that have the greatest ammount of influence on the developing self. principle agents are the family, the school, the peer group, and the mass media.

30
Q

The family

A

most important agent, children learn 2 important attitudes from the family: self esteem: an evaluation of one’s self worth, and interpersonal trust: perception that another person can be relied on and has your best interest at heart

31
Q

The family from a functional perspective

A

role is to provide support and guidance along the path to becoming productive adult members of society

32
Q

The family from a conflict perspective

A

a hub of disagreement where there are ongoing struggles that demonstrate power differences among individual members

33
Q

The school

A

where kids learn personal management and plays a central role in the transmission of cultural values and norms. Maintains the differential treatment of particular groups

34
Q

The peer group

A

teaches acceptance/rejection. Introduces social comparison: self-evaluation of appearance, merit, and abilities in comparison with others

35
Q

The mass media

A

the most influential agent of socialization; communications that target large audiences through print, audio and images. Media companies construct reality and shape our perceptions

36
Q

social structure

A
37
Q

status

A

social position that exists independently of any individual who holds it; social position that exists in relation to others

38
Q

role

A

the behavioural component of a status

39
Q

anticipatory status

A

process where people learn about the roles associated with a particular status before taking on that status

40
Q

status set

A

sum total of all the statuses held by a person at a given time

41
Q

ascribed status

A

social positions inherited at birth or acquired involuntarily (ex. son, aunt)

42
Q

achieved status

A

social positions people obtain through personal actions (ex. lawyer, wife, graduate, criminal)

43
Q

role conflict

A

a situations where incompatible role demands exist between 2 or more statuses held at the same time

44
Q

role strain

A

a situation where incompatible role demands exist within one status

45
Q

social groups

A

2 or more people who share cultural elements and interact frequently (ex. coworkers,family); part of broader social structure

46
Q

social network

A

a system of social relationships of varying purpose, relevance, intimacy, and importance

47
Q

social institutions

A

relatively permanent societal structures that govern the behaviour of groups/promote social order ex. the church, schools, government, economy, media

48
Q

formal organization

A

highly structured social institutions; has a bureaucracy

49
Q

bureaucracy

A

formal organizational model with a chain of authority and a set of procedures that guide the processes that exist within

50
Q

ideal type

A

analytical construct that has the main features of a social phenomenon but isn’t found in reality ex. Max Weber’s Ideal bureaucracy

51
Q

What does Weber’s Ideal bureaucracy consist of?

A
  1. division of labour
    2.hierarchy of authority/chain of command
  2. rules and regulations
  3. impersonality in decision making
  4. employment based on qualifications
52
Q

McDonalization of Society, Ritzer

A
  1. Efficiency/speed, ex. drive throughs
  2. calculability, ex. extra value meal
    3.control (over customers)
53
Q

cons of bureaucracy

A

processes are slow and tedious, divisions of labour aren’t generally clear cut

54
Q

resocialization

A

a person radically altering their identity by giving up an existing status for a new one

55
Q

total institutions

A

an isolated social system in which certain individuals are housed apart from wider society

56
Q

total institutions, Goffman

A

total institutions are characterized by 24/7 supervision, strict schedules/ standardized procedures, operate as bureaucracies

Sociology (4 decks)

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