Chapter 13; Social Change

Question 1

collective behaviour

Answer 1

group behaviour that is spontaneous, unstructured, and unconventional in nature

Question 2

casual crowd

Answer 2

gathering of people who by proximity happen to be in the same location at the same time, ex. park

Question 3

conventional crowd

Answer 3

group of people gathered because of a shared objective, behaviour is planned, structured, predictable, and controlled by social norms

Question 4

expressive crowd

Answer 4

gathering of people who shared a common interest and are gathered for an explicit purpose

Question 5

protest/acting crowd

Answer 5

people gathered to engage in collective behaviour in pursuit of a common goal

Question 6

contagion theory

Answer 6

when crowds act irrational it is because people loose their individuality and are transformed into a collective mind that leads them to act in ways they wouldn’t as individuals. this is due to anonymity/deindividuation, contagion, and suggestibility

Question 7

deindividuation

Answer 7

loss of self awareness that occurs in groups

Question 8

contagion theory continued

Answer 8

in crowds, milling: individuals moving around aimlessly increasing excitability, which can lead to collective excitement: a more intense form of milling which can lead to social contagion: the rapid, unwitting, and non-rational dissemination of mood, impulse, or form of conduct, ex. riots

Question 9

convergence theory

Answer 9

people in crowds have rational behaviour, they come together specifically to behave in accordance with their prior predispositions;
like minded individuals converge on a place where collective behaviour then ensues.
crowd behaviour is the outcome of existing psychological impulses.

Question 10

fads

Answer 10

temporary but highly popular social patterns, trends, particular products

Question 11

fashion

Answer 11

brands, hair, makeup, has connections with social context

Question 12

urban legends

Answer 12

unsubstantiated stories that persist over time and contain an underlying message or moral

Question 13

widespread panic

Answer 13

a generalized belief regarding impending danger that can lead a large number of people to flee an area or engage in other protective measures

Question 14

moral panic

Answer 14

irrational but widespread worry that certain groups present an enormous threat to society, 3 elements:
1. folk devils, a particular group whose behaviour causes moral panic
2. moral entrepreneurs: a person who brings the morally damaging behaviour to the attention of others
3. mass media spreads panic
4. disproportionality of behaviour and reaction

Question 15

social movements

Answer 15

organized efforts by a substantial number of people to change or resist change in some major aspects of society
involves claim making
is organized, planned, and enduring

Question 16

claim making

Answer 16

declaring that a particular condition is unjust and identifying the measures needed to correct it

Question 17

alternative social movements

Answer 17

seek limited change for a specific group, ex. alternative religious movements like Wicca

Question 18

redemptive social movements

Answer 18

seek large scale change for a specific group, ex. Mothers against drunk driving, PETA

Question 19

reformative social movements

Answer 19

seek limited societal change for for everyone, ex. Civil rights movement, BLM, womens movements

Question 20

revolutionary social movements

Answer 20

seek large scale change for everyone, ex. political revolutions, overthrowing existing political systems

Question 21

the conflict perspective: resource mobilization theory

Answer 21

social movements develop as a function of how resources are brought together and utilized by leaders

Question 22

political process theory

Answer 22

emphasizeses importance of political opportunities for societal change
political entities aiming to create social change; a social movement calls attention to a social injustice through framing