Chapter 7; Sex, gender, and sexuality

Question 1

elite discourse

Answer 1

there are multiple ways of understanding any social phenomenon those understandings emerge from different locations of powers, and when they emerge from positions of authority they become elite discourses and are widely accepted

Question 2

sex

Answer 2

biology

Question 3

dualism

Answer 3

a contrast between 2 opposing categories

Question 4

gender

Answer 4

the social world, behavioural, cultural, or psychological traits associated with a particular sex

Question 5

gender identity

Answer 5

our personal understandings of our own gender

Question 6

gender expression

Answer 6

aspects of gender exhibited through outward appearance and actions

Question 7

gender binary

Answer 7

the assumption that there are 2 genders (feminine/masculine) associated with the 2 biological sexes

Question 8

Intersex

Answer 8

a person whose physical sex characteristics fall outside the boundaries of the male/female dualism, aka DSD: disorders of sexual development/ difference in sexual development, 0.05-1.7 of the population is intersex

Question 9

what is the recognition of only 2 sexes

Answer 9

a social construct: emerged from social processes, not just biology

Question 10

gender non-conforming

Answer 10

individuals whose gender identities fall outside of elite, dualistic discourses that equate sex and gender

Question 11

Industrialization and gender roles

Answer 11

the female role became that of the nurturing parent and homemaker (private sphere) and the male role became paid employment (public sphere)

Question 12

hypermasculinity

Answer 12

traditional masculinity in an extreme and exaggerated form

Question 13

cultures of honour

Answer 13

cultures where traditional masculinity must be protected from disrespect and male dominance over women is emphasized

Question 14

Connel

Answer 14

traditional masculinity: hegemonic masculinity: traits ascribe men in a position of dominance over other men and especially women
traditional femininity: emphasized femininity: traits ascribe women in a position of subordination and service to others

Question 15

What studies highlight how sexuality is socially constructed

Answer 15

cross-cultural studies; Sambian culture doesn’t have words for sexualities rather concepts that refer to times in life when varied types of sexual relationships are considered appropriate/inappropriate
Alfred Kinsey; scale that reflects a continuum of sexuality

Question 16

heteronormative

Answer 16

the view that heterosexuality is the expected sexual orientation

Question 17

the implications of having been born a particular sex and elite discourses that equate sex with gender and sexualities extend through 4 key ares

Answer 17

1. different educational experiences
2. different occupational experiences
3. Different economic experiences
4. different family experiences

Question 18

official curriculum

Answer 18

science, social studies

Question 19

hidden curriculum

Answer 19

learning what being a male or female means in our society, boys are at the forefront of the classroom and learn problem solving skill while girls are in the background and learn they can rely on others when they are having difficulties

Question 20

gendering of education in post-secondary

Answer 20

women are over represented in BHASE programs; business, humantites, health, arts, social sciences. education while men are over represented in STEM programs; science, technology, engineering, and math

Question 21

explicit stereotypes

Answer 21

people are aware of holding

Question 22

Implict stereotypes

Answer 22

unconscious stereotype

Question 23

stereotype threat

Answer 23

individuals become so anxious about confirming stereotypes about a group of people they belong to, and their performance suffers

Question 24

Top 3 female dominated industries

Answer 24

1. Health
2. education
3. business finance, and administration

Question 25

glass ceiling

Answer 25

women are less likely to rise to the top of their fields and hold positions of authority

Question 26

glass escalator

Answer 26

men are more likely to attain positions of authority or leadership

Question 27

wage gaps between men and women

Answer 27

women make 88 cents for every dollar a man makes
women in the trades make 60 cents for every dollar a man makes

Question 28

how long will it take to close the wages gap in canada

Answer 28

164 years, declining by 0.2 % per year

Question 29

variables accountable for 35% of the wage gap

Answer 29

1. human capital (education, job tenure)
2. job attributes (part-time public sector union, form state)
3. occupation and industry
4. demographics (age, province, children, marital status)

Question 30

second shift

Answer 30

women put in a full day at work and then come home to put in another shift of domestic work, for every 3.6 hours of hosehold work women do, men do 2.4

Question 31

what is the domestic allocation of household work like in LGBTQ relationships

Answer 31

egalitarian

Question 32

in which context did the earliest sociological theories primarily address gender?

Answer 32

families

Question 33

Functionalist perspective and the responsibilities of men and women

Answer 33

2 key functions of the family: socialization of children and stabilization of adult personalities which are in part fulfilled by heterosexuality and traditional gender roles; males are responsible for instrumental tasks(connect the family to the outside world) and females are responsible for expressive tasks(nessecairy for the internal world of the family, ex. nurturing kids)

Question 34

Conflict perspective

Answer 34

gender inequality/ patriarchy is a byproduct of capitalism
women are subordinated to adult males
subordination will end with female employment
conflict in the family through gendered intimate violence

Question 35

Interactionist perspective

Answer 35

how we come to understand sex, gender, sexuality and develop our own identities is through interactions with significant others, development of generalized other, and the looking glass self. thats how we come to know if we are m/f. through childhood experience we come to understand m/f are supposed to have cerain gender identities, expression, and sexuality.

Question 36

Goffman

Answer 36

gender differentiation is reproduced in social interactions through gender displays: makeup, hair, facial expressions, use of appropriate bathrooms ect. which are based on codes of gender: the norms governing the acceptable appearance and behaviours for males and females. Maintain male dominance/independence, and female passivity/subordination

Question 37

Feminist perspective

Answer 37

diverse

Question 38

germain greer

Answer 38

we must embrace gender differences

Question 39

sheila jefferys

Answer 39

we must seek a genderless society

Question 40

intersectionality

Answer 40

the way that our array of multiple identities (based on gender, sexualities, class, and race) combine to create a distinctive whole, ex. the experience of a working class black woman will differ from the experience of middle class white woman

Question 41

matrix of domination

Answer 41

intersecting systems of oppression in society

Question 42

post colonial feminism

Answer 42

proposes that the experiences of women living in colonized cultures are distinct from those from the colonizing cultures

Question 43

indigenous feminism

Answer 43

colonizing is a racist and patriarchal project, criticises mainstream feminism as a movement for priviledged white women
gender inequality if intertwind with sovereignty for indigenous peoples

Question 44

Postmodern perspective

Answer 44

question the very notions of sex, gender, and sexualities themselves
Judith butler: gender is not an internal essence but only a set of repeated behaviours governed by elite discourses
critique of most sociological knowledge because it is structured by dualisms of sex, gender and sexualities

Question 45

queer theory

Answer 45

sexual identities and practices are open, fluid, and non-fixed