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A-level History - Stuarts > Chapter 8 - Political Divisions: The Personal Rule And The Short Parliament > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Political Divisions: The Personal Rule And The Short Parliament Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the dates of Charles’ Personal Rule?

A

1629 - 1640

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2
Q

What were the reasons for Charles beginning his Personal Rule?
( 2 points)

A
  • the collapse in relationship between Charles and the Political Nation
  • Charles’ belief in his own divine right
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3
Q

What was the significance of the Privy Council in Charles’ Personal Rule?

A

Without Parliament, the Privy Council had much greater importance/influence over Charles’ decisions

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4
Q

What was the Personal Rule?

A

The period in which Charles I abolished parliament and the government and ruled without Parliament.

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5
Q

How was Charles able to rule without Parliament?

A

His royal prerogative allowed him to do this. He had the power to call/dismiss Parliament upon his royal prerogative.

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6
Q

What was the names of the two key Prerogative courts that enforced Charles’ will in his Personal Rule?

A

The Star Chamber

The Court of High Commission

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7
Q

What was the Star Chamber?

A

Made up of Privy councillors selected by the monarch. Charles could hold secret cases before the Star Chamber.

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8
Q

What was the Court of High Commission?

A

Chief court of the church, used by laud to enforce conformity. If a defendant was found guilty, they were then sent to the star chamber.

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9
Q

What were the dates of James’ Personal Rule?

A

1610 - 1621

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10
Q

What was ship money?

A

Ship money was a prerogative form of income that could be levied and put in place at times of emergency to fund the navy.

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11
Q

When was ship money put in place in Charles’ personal rule?

A

October 1634 - ship money levied on coastal towns/counties

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12
Q

How did ship money go on to cause tension and anger?

A

August 1635 - ship money extended to inland counties and levied annually until 1639.

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13
Q

What were the positives of ship money?

2 points

A
  • quick way to raise funds

- raised around £200,000 (a lot of money) which was equal to three parliamentary subsidies

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14
Q

How were financial savings made at the start of the Personal Rule?
(2 points)

A
  • securing peace with France (1629) and Spain (1630) = Treaties of Susa and Madrid
  • Weston’s reform of court finance to lower the costs of running the court
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15
Q

When and what was Distraint of Knighthood?

A

1630
Anyone with an annual income of £40 who hadn’t received a knighthood at Charles’ coronation was fined. (Raised Charles a lot of money)

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16
Q

What was Customs Duties?

A

1635 = New Book of Rates updated prices on goods as a customs duty increasing the amount the Crown received (Brought prices inline with inflation)

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17
Q

Tonnage and Poundage as income:

A

Tonnage and Poundage granted to Charles for one year in 1625 but Charles continued to called it (large income)

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18
Q

How did monopolies bring in profit?

A

Loophole in the Monopoly Act allowed grants to corporations.
(ie. the granting of monopoly for soap to a group of Catholics)

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19
Q

What were Forest Fines?

A

Fines for any landowner said to have encroached on areas of royal forest (Charles used dubious maps and documents to impose these fines)

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20
Q

What were land titles?

A

Fines imposed on people who rented land from the Crown but lacked a clear title to the land or could not prove continuous occupation for the previous 60 years.

21
Q

What were enclosure fines?

A

Fines imposed on those who has illegally enclosed, or closed off, common land.

22
Q

What were recusancy fines?

A

Fines for refusal to submit to the Church of England (by Catholics)
Income from these were increased in 1634.

23
Q

What were Feudal dues/wardship and how much did it increase?

A

Crown had power to run any estate inherited by an heir under 21 years old (age of adulthood). During the personal rule, income from wardship increased by a third.

24
Q

What was the problem with Charles’ financial schemes in his Personal Rule?

A

Charles alienates a lot of (well most of) society with these laws

25
Q

What were the Scottish Covenanters?

A

17th century religious and political movement who supported the Presbyterian Church of Scotland.

26
Q

How did Charles anger the Scottish Covenanters?

A

Charles imposes religious uniformity (particularly upon Bishops)

27
Q

How did the Scottish Covenanters respond to Charles’ impositions?
(Date and example)

A

Religious uniformity imposition leads to 1637 Bishops begin rioting by reading from Laudian prayer book (eg. St Giles Cathedral Edinburgh)

28
Q

Why was Charles out of touch with Scottish affairs?

2 points

A
  • surrounded by anglicised Scots who believed they understood Scottish opinion but didn’t
  • did not return for his Scottish coronation until 1633
29
Q

What were the key reasons for opposition in Scotland?

5 points

A
  • revocation act had nullified the claims of Scottish nobles over land
  • Protestant reformation in Scotland had gone further than in England (Presbyterianism)
  • Charles overhauled the Scottish church when he arrived for his coronation and (ie. hierarchical structure and English liturgy)
  • 1636 Book of Canons
  • 1637 English Prayer Book issued for Scottish churches
30
Q

How did the Scottish reposed to Charles’ actions etc?

3 points

A
  • After the English Prayer book was first read in St Giles Cathedral, a riot broke out.
  • Disorder spread across the lowlands.
  • 1638 = Scottish clergy and nobility drew up a National Covenant to defeat their religious rights (became known as Covenanters)
31
Q

What was the Book of Canons and when was it issued?

3 points

A

1636

  • A book issued by Charles including instructions as to how clergy should lay out their churches
  • Introduced preaching licences.
  • Ministers also banned from asserting their own Church rules without the King’s permission.
32
Q

When did the First Bishops War begin?

A

1639

33
Q

What problems did Charles have in the First Bishops War?

A

Both Charles and Covenanters raised armies but Scottish army far superior (had many soldiers who had served in the Thirty years War). Charles’ army was unenthusiastic and were largely reluctant conscripts.

Charles lacked the money to fight a war = had to rely on part-time county militias from England.

34
Q

When and how did the First Bishops war end?

A

Charles signed the Treaty of Berwick in 1639 ending the first bishops war after realising he could not win.

35
Q

When did Wentworth become Lord Deputy of Ireland?

A

1632

36
Q

How did Wentworth succeed in Ireland?

2 points

A
  • enhanced the authority of the English Crown and Church over the Irish
  • allowed the crown to profit more from Ireland by increasing customs duty (new Book of Rates)
37
Q

Who were the old English in Ireland?
Why were they aggrieved?
(2 points)

A

Descendants of Medieval English settlers and had formed elite of Irish society for 200 years.

  • hated Wentworth’s policy of plantation (settling ENglish and Scottish Protestants on land that had once been theirs)
  • Leading Old English landowners had an agreement with Charles known as ‘the Graces’ (they paid fixed sum and Charles wouldn’t interfere with certain lands) = Wentworth didn’t fully uphold (didn’t uphold claims to land that conflicted with crown interests)
38
Q

Who were the New English?
Why did they resent Wentworth?
(2 points)

A

More recent Protestant settlers.

  • as Protestants, they resisted the High Church Arminianism associated with Charles and Laud
  • many new English had acquired vast wealth as customs agents for the King (+through corruption). But Wentworth prosecuted two of most influential members of new English:
    Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork
    Francis Annesley, Lord Mountnorris
39
Q

Why was the Short Parliament called and what were its dates?

A

Called to help Charles deal with Scottish rebellion.

13 April - 5 May

40
Q

What were the problems with the Short Parliament for Charles?
(3 points)

A
  • little organisation of those who returned as MP’s
  • MP’s wouldn’t vote for subsidies for Bishops wards in Scotland because key MP’s were in league with Covenanters (Pym / Fiennes)
  • long term solution would only be found if Charles made concessions to Parliament
41
Q

How did Charles respond to the Short Parliament?

2 points

A
  • recognised that he would only be granted subsidies if he made concessions
  • Charles dissolves parliament after less than a month
41
Q

How is Charles forced to raise funds after dissolving the Short Parliament?

A

Ship money

41
Q

Thomas Wentworth:
What did he oppose?
Why was he significant to Charles?

A
  • opposed 1626 forced loan
  • he was later very submissive to King, became Lord Deputy of Ireland 1632, recalled to England to deal with crisis in Scot/Eng.
41
Q

William Fiennes
Why was he significant in opposition?
(3 points)

A
  • strong Protestant
  • seen as centre of opposition to Charles/Laudianism
  • had regular contact with scots
42
Q

What was the first John Hampden case and when was it?

A

1626 = Hampden refused to pay the forced loan and was briefly imprisoned.

44
Q

When was the John Hampden case and what happened?

5 points

A

1636

  • John Hampden refused to pay ship money in 1636 (began a legal challenge against it)
  • he was part of a circle of Puritan gentry
  • Charles decided to use Hampden’s challenge as a test case in 1637
  • 7 judges ruled in favour of Charles’ continued collection of the tax and 5 ruled against
  • reaction of the gentry to the case was generally hostile and created issues for Charles later
46
Q

Others who showed dissatisfaction with ship money?
Who were they?
(3 points)

A
  • Earl of Bedford
  • Earl of Warwick
  • Lord Saye

Were all part of the same Puritan network and historians have argued they would have resisted Charles’ government regardless of his financial policies.

48
Q

When was the taxpayers strike and what was it?

A

1639

  • Most countries generall paid ship money in full and in 1635-36 around 98% of expected revenue was collected.
  • 1639 many of those expected to pay the tax refused and only 20% of expected revenue was collected. This was a key reason for Charles recalling parliament in 1640.

A-level History - Stuarts (16 decks)

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