Chapter 10 - The First Civil War: England, Scotland, Ireland Flashcards
When was an anti-catholic army formed in Ireland?
April 1642
Who commanded forces around Dublin in April 1642?
Earl of Ormond
Who made up the anti-catholic army / formation in Ireland April 1642?
(2 poitns)
> 10,000 Scottish troops sent to support ulster Protestants
> financed by Parliament
What was the significance of the anti-catholic army in Ireland?
What were their successes?
> by end of 1643, had extended Protestant control
> but catholic confederation held rest of Ireland except Dublin
When did the Earl go Ormond sign the cessation?
Who was it with?
What was it?
September 1643
> Catholic confederation
> 1 year truce
what was the impact of the cessation?
2 points
> 22,000 Irish troops sent to England from Oct 1643 - June 1644 to support Charles
had little impact and was counterproductive bc it antagonised parliament
When did Ormond sign peace treaty with confederates?
Ireland
March 1643
When was the Battle at Benburb?
What happened?
What was the significance of the battle?
June 1643
> representative of Gaelic Irish (Owen Roe O’Neill) defeated Scottish covenanters at Benburb
> Irish less likely to support Charles = no longer a common enemy
What religion are the Parliamentarians and the Royalists?
Parliamentarians = Puritan Royalists = mainly Protestants
What was the key factor that led to the civil war in Scotland?
Scottish Rebellion 1637
What ended the Bishops wars in October 1640?
Truce of Ripon
What was the outcome of the Bishops wars?
2 points
> Covenanters defeat Charles in Bishops wars
> stronger force so they isolate Charles and supporters
What was the Treaty of Ripon?
When was it signed?
> treaty stating Charles would pay the Scottish forces to hold in Ripon and not advance further so he could gather his forces
Oct 1640
When did Parliament and Scottish Covenanters unite?
What did they form?
> September 1643
> Solemn league and Covenanters
What was the Solemn League and Covenant?
When was it formed?
What was the only negative outcome?
> military alliance formed between Parliament and the Covenanters
1643
alienated Scottish nobles leading some to change support to Charles instead
Evidence of Royalist victories against convnanters?
What was the only downside of royalist victories?
(3 points)
> Earl of Montrose led royalist forces north against Covenanters
army won multiple victories 1644-45
there was little material gain/support from Charels so many highlanders left his forces and returned to homeland
What stopped the progress of Montrose’s forces?
Where and when?
What did this mean for Charles?
> Covenanter army of 6000 returned from England and crushed rebelling nobles
Philiphaugh Sept 1645
ended Charles’ military hopes in Scotland
When did the Catholic confederation of Gaelic and Old English form?
May 1642
Who did Charles form a 1 year truce with in September 1643?
What was the outcome?
> Irish Catholic confederation
> Irish troops sent to help Royalists but had little impact
What was Ormond’a told in the First Civil War?
Led Royalist army in Ireland
When did the First Civil war begin?
22 August 1642
What were the dates of the First Civil War?
1642-1646
Why did Charles lost the first civil war in Scotland and Ireland?
(6 points)
> Opponents better supplied
opponents better organised
opponents more religiously motivated
Forces were outnumbered
royalists weak from early rebellions in Scot and Ireland
unable to coordinate forces within the country
When was the battle of edge hill?
What happened?
Who won?
Oct 1642
> first battle of English civil war, very bloody battle, lots of deaths on both sides
> inconclusive battle
When was the battle of lands down?
What happened?
Who won?
July 1643
> big battle
> royalists win at high cost
> forced to retreat and lost men, horses and ammunition
When was the Battle of Morston Moor?
What happened?
July 1644 > largest battle > in York - previously royalist > Royalists led by Prince Rupert > Parliamentarians won
When was the Battle of Naseby?
What happened?
June 1645
> Prince Rupert led Royalists
> New Model Army’s first battle
> Cromwell wins decisively
When was the battle of Bristol?
What happened?
Who won?
August - September 1645
> Bristol was a key port so parliament surrounded and stormed
> royalists surrendered
> Charles dismissed Prince Rupert and forces him to leave Eng
> Chester is only remaining royalist port now
Name 2 significant Battles of the First Civil War in England?
Battle of Morston Moor
Battle of Naseby
When did Charles surrender to the Scots near the end of the First Civil War?
5th May 1646
What were the strengths of the Royalists in the first civil war?
> supported by rich and military trained nobles
foreign aid
Prince Rupert
What were the weaknesses of the royalists in the first civil war?
(6 points)
> ADMINISTRATION = Oxford council didnt have control of all commanders
STRATEGY = didn’t stick to strategies
GENERALS = at first inexperienced but well liked by soldiers. Then experienced but not liked
DIVISION = Henrietta-Maria and Prince Rupert wanted to continue war but Kind’s advisor didn’t
CHARLES = was the military leader so had to take all the blame
IRISH AGREEMENT = Charles agreement with Irish Catholics was a failure bc they were ineffective and decreased royalist support because they were Catholics
What were the strengths of the Parliamentarians in the First Civ War?
(5 points)
> FINANCE = ‘assessment’ was a direct tax on income for war (raised lots)
SLAC = solemn league and covenant alliance with Scotland
LONDON = held london, very important for propaganda. Also had largest port. Also had huge manpower (very populated)
NAVY = parliament had control of navy which meant constant supplies, and meant they could limit royalists getting supplies
NMA = much better organised / more efficient / regularly paid / professional soldier
How did the parliamentarians raise money for the First Civil War?
When?
November 1642
> Assessments = direct tax on income for war raised lots of money
