Chapter 11 - The Second Civil War

Question 1

What were the two political factions by the end of the First Civil War 1646?

Answer 1

> Political Presbyterians = (Denzil Holles / Phillip Stapleton) more moderate & conservative, opposed religious toleration, favoured negotiating settlement with King, wanted to disband NMA, drew closer to Scots, supported Presbyterian church to prevent social revolution

> Political Independents = (Oliver Cromwell / Henry Ireton) more radical, disliked authoritarianism of Scot Presbyterianism, wanted religious toleration, allied with NMA, willing to settle w/ King ONLY if he accepted limitations on his power

Question 2

Which faction was most favoured and influential in Parl?

Answer 2

Political Presbyterians = most favoured by country b/c wanted peace (country weary from war)

Question 3

When were the Newcastle propositions?
What were they?
Main features?
(4 features)

Answer 3

July 1646
> Political Presbyterian plans for settlement with Charles
1. Religion = Charles had to accept Presbyterianism in Eng for 3 years
2. Militia = Parl control of the militia for 20 years (remainder of C’s life)
3. Parliament = the Triennial act must remain (guaranteed regular parliaments to limit monarch’s power)
4. Royalists = only 58 royalists not pardoned (encouraging others to accept defeat)

Question 4

What were key issues causing failure of settlement after the Newcastle propositions?

Answer 4

> Charles stalled = wasn’t going to agree but by stalling allowed divisions in his opponents to develop
Parliament political and religious divisions
winter 1646-47 revised/ more lenient Newcastle propositions

Question 5

How did the polit Presbyterians try to form a counter revolution?

Answer 5

> wanted to disband NMA but keep small force to go to Ireland to crush Irish Catholics
creating an alternative ‘safe’ army based on London Trained Bands

Question 6

What document was produced by Political Presbyterians?
Who wrote it?
What did it say?

Answer 6

The Declaration of Dislike
> written by Denzil Holles (leader of Political Presbyterians)
> abused NMA and stated that army petitioners were ‘enemies to the state and disturbers of the public peace’

Question 7

Which group most caused the politicisation of the army?

Answer 7

Political Presbyterians = huge parliamentary debt + army pay required and yet presby’s trying to disband army

Question 8

When was the NMA created?
How was it created?
Who led it?

Answer 8

1645
> merging three regional armies to make war effort more effective
> Fairfax + Cromwell

Question 9

What were the main concerns of the army causing them to politicise?
(3 points)

Answer 9

WAGES = country in £3 million debt and were concerned they would be disbanded before being payed
INDEMNITY ACT = Parliament didn’t pass act so army worried about being charged for war offences
REACTION = polit presby’s Newcastle props and declaration of dislike against/offfensive to army + thought polit presby’s trying to create rival army

Question 10

When was the first NMA petition of grievances to Parliament?

Answer 10

March 1647

Question 11

How did Charles respond to the Newcastle propositions in May 1647?
How did this affect the army?

Answer 11

> conceded Presbyterianism for 3 years and Parliamentary control of militia for 10 years
still hoped for further negotiations
antagonised the army = felt terms were too lenient and that Charles wouldn’t honour them

Question 12

When did commons vote to disband the NMA?
Why did this anger them?
What did the do?

Answer 12

25 May 1647
> army had only been payed 8 weeks arrears of pay
> army held meeting at Newmarket under Fairfax

Question 13

How did army politicisation develop June 1647?

Answer 13

> organised more formal polit structure = General council of the Army (led by Fairfax, but dominated by Cromwell and Ireton) to arrange army settlement

Question 14

How did the NMA gain significant power in settlement June 1647?
What did this mean for army?

Answer 14

2 June 1647
> army seize Charles and take him to Newmarket HQ (Cornet George Joyce forced him out of house arrest)
> physical control of Charles meant lots of power in settlement

Question 15

When was the Humble remonstrance produced?
What was it?
How did the army pressure Parliament?

Answer 15

4 June 1647
> army wouldn’t disband until their grievances were met (indemnity grievance / wanted removal of Holles’ Presbyterian faction)
> army began slow march to London to pressure enemies

Question 16

When was the solemn engagement?

What was it?

Answer 16

5 June 1647

> army presentation of their position to Parliament. Mainly written by Ireton

Question 17

When was the first negotiation between army leaders and Charles?
Where was it?
Who was there?
Where was Charels moved to?

Answer 17

7 June 1647
> meeting where Charles was held (Childerley)
> Fairfax, Cromwell and Ireton negotiated with Charles (Ireton chief Spokesman)
> Charles moved to lodge at Hampton Court

Question 18

How did army reinforce the solemn engagement?

When?

Answer 18

Impeachment charges drawn up against 11 MP’s including Holles in July 1647

Question 19

When was the Representation of the army written?
Who wrote it?
What was it?

Answer 19

14 June 1647
> written mainly by Ireton + John Lambert (helped by Cromwell)
> declared NMA was not just a mercenary army

Question 20

What were the 4 key points outlined in the Representation of the Army?

Answer 20

Outlined army political position:

1. Purge of parliament
2. Future parliaments of fixed duration
3. Guaranteed right of freedom of the people to petition Parliament
4. An extension of religious freedom

Question 21

What gave the army power at this time?

Answer 21

> declared itself as defending ‘our own and the peoples just rights and liberties’
had political weight bc they had military muscle of the army and had physical control of the king

Question 22

When was the heads of the proposals written?
Where was the meeting?
Who presented it?
What did HOP propose?

Answer 22

16th July 1647
> army general council meeting at Reading
> Ireton presented it
Proposed:
1. Regular biennial parliaments
2. Reform of Parliamentary representation
3. Parliament control of army and navy
4. Parliament appointment of great offices of state for 10 years
4. Religious settlement that maintained national Church with bishops, but no coercive power
5. Act of oblivion (pardon) that exempted only a few royalists from punishment

Question 23

What was the impact/significance of the Heads of Proposals?

Answer 23

> adjutators impatient w/ slow progress
thought proposals too moderate + didnt limit king enough
people though Ireton and Crommy were hypocritical (proposals not radical enough)
caused lots of division
made people realise Charels was not serious

Question 24

When was the mob invasion of the Commons?
Who organised this?
What happened?

Answer 24

26 July 1647
Connived by Denzil Holles
> army forcefully passed resolution inviting King to London

Question 25

How did the army grow in power throughout Aug 1647?

Answer 25

> 3rd Aug = army outside London + polit independents join them after walking out of Parl
6 Aug = Army march into Westminster
8 Aug = Atmy march into London

Question 26

What were the dates of the Second Civil war?

Answer 26

1648-49

Question 27

What were the Four Bills?

How does Charles respond?

Answer 27

> sent to Charles by Parl while still imprisoned = was an amalgamation of Newcastle propositions + Heads of Proposals
Charels escapes Hampton Court 11 Nov 1647 + begins to negotiate w/ Scots
Dec 1647 Charels official rejects Four Bills

Question 28

When was the Engagement arranged?
What was it?
What did it trigger?
Who did it threaten?

Answer 28

December 1647
> arrangement with Scottish Covenanters that Eng would have 3 years of Presbyterianism in return for Scot help invading Eng against Parl and restoring Charles
> Scot invasion would trigger Second Civil War
> threatened Parliament

Question 29

When was Vote of No Addresses passed?

What was it?

Answer 29

January 1648

> Parliament document stating there would be no more negotiation with Charles

Question 30

When was the Windsor Prayer Meeting?

What was it?

Answer 30

April 1648
> during 2nd Civil war = NMA gathered to pray before facing their enemies. Declared Charles as the ‘man of blood’. Debated regicide for the first time.

Question 31

How was religion significant in NMA success?

7 reasons

Answer 31

> Godly officers = very devout core of officers (esp in cavlry)
Chaplains = each reg had one, closely connected to colonel. Gave sermons, Bible studies, accompanied army at all times
Visual iconography = each reg had banner w/ religious motifs
Fasting & self-reflection = prepared army for tests they had to face
Lay preaching = soldiers preaching
minority = alienated from society reinforced army godliness (created high morale)
equality = general council of army stemmed from religious belief that all were valued by God

Question 32

Where were there Royalist anti-Parliament/Presbyterian uprisings 1648?
what was the impact?
What was the response?

Answer 32

> South Wales (march - July), Kent (May-June), East Anglia (April- aug), Yorkshire (June-Dec)
threatened to divide NMA across country while it faced imminent Scot invasion
army able to successfully divide itself to deal with threats

Question 33

When did the Scottish invade England?

Answer 33

July 1648

Question 34

Where were Scots defeated in Aug 1648?

By who?

Answer 34

17-19 Aug = Scots defeated at Preston

Led by Cromwell and Lambert

Question 35

What do Crom and Lambert secure in Oct 1648?

Answer 35

4-7 October 1648 = secure anti-engaged power in Edinburgh