Chapter 16 - Cromwell, the Protectorates, Major Generals and relations with the Political Nation

Question 1

How long was Cromwell Lord Protector?

Answer 1

16th Dec 1653 - 3rd Sept 1658

Question 2

Was the protector kingly?

Answer 2

YES = return to gov through a single person (leading back to monarchy)
NO = Cromwell refused to dress in a kingly fashion and refused title of King in 1657

Question 3

Instrument of Government

Who wrote it?
When was it written?
What was it?

Answer 3

> Written by John Lambert
1653
was the first of Britain’s constitutions and outlined the protectorate

Question 4

What were the key features outlined in the Instrument of Government?
(4 pints)

Answer 4

> Protector was the head of state
Parliament elected every 3 years to sit for min 5 months
Council of State controlled finance, appointments and control of army
Militia controlled by Protector and Parliament

Question 5

Nature of the protectorate?

Answer 5

> very central leadership (Protector has most power then council then Parl)
army still very important and became part of protectorate

Question 6

Dates of the first protectorate?

Answer 6

Sept 1654 - Jan 1655

Question 7

What die the republicans attack in the first protectorate?

2 points

Answer 7

> attacked Cromwell’s position (too like a monarch)

> wanted Parl to be sole authority

Question 8

Key republican concerns:

3 points

Answer 8

> Cromwell’s power to enact ordinances when Parliament isnt in session
control of army given to the protector
the need to reduce armed forces

Question 9

What was Cromwell’s response to the republican concerns?

4 points

Answer 9

> believed in gov by a single person and Parl
believed in regular elections (no perpetuated Parliament)
liberty of conscience (religious toleration and freedom)
militia jointly controlled by Protector, Council of State, Parliament

Question 10

What did republican opposition lead Cromwell to introduce?

What was it?

Answer 10

Recognition

> was an oath recognising government by a single person and parl

Question 11

How did people respond to the recognition + Cromwell’s godly reformation?

Answer 11

> 100 MP’s resigned on principle + had to withdraw from parl
Political nation wouldn’t support godly reformation so Cromwell couldn’t get Parl agreement
Godly reformation moved away from conservative political nation
C had to rely on army instead
hampered his aims for settlement with PN

Question 12

What were Cromwell’s two key aims as protector?

Answer 12

> healing and settling the nation (eg. Establishing a stable form of new gov)
religious and social reformation (eg. Establishing godly rule and domination of Puritanism)

Question 13

What is an ordinance?

Answer 13

A law or decree

Question 14

Who was instrumental in passing law before the first protectorate Parl?
What did they pass?
When did they pass them?

Answer 14

> Cromwell and Lambert
passed 83 Ordinances
between 24 Dec 1653 - 2 Sept 1654

Question 15

How was Cromwell able to pass the 83 ordinances?

Answer 15

> Insteument of Gov stated that Cromwell and Council of state could pass ordinances between Parliament sittings

Question 16

What did the 83 ordinances do?

Answer 16

> mostly dealt with finance and made tax system more efficient

Question 17

When was Biddle’s Case?

What was it?

Answer 17

1654
> Biddle was a teacher and studied the bible = denied the Trinity and the Divinity of Christ
> accused of blasphemy and interrogated by MP’s and commons declares he should be imprisoned and have work burned
> Parliament attempting to enforce right to control religion over the protector and council
> this case led to Cromwell having to dissolve Parliament

Question 18

When did Cromwell dissolve First Protectorate Parliament?

Answer 18

22 Jan 1655

Question 19

What were the main reasons for Cromwell dissolving Parliament?
(3 points)

Answer 19

> Biddle’s Case
MP’s attacks on Instrument
Cromwells failure to fund the army

Question 20

When was the rule of Major Generals and what was it?

4 points

Answer 20

> 1655-57
implementation of military rule on England after failure of First Protectorate Parliament
England split into 11 areas with a major general ruling each one
Major generals selected as leading officers of NMA

Question 21

Reasons for rule of major generals?

4 points

Answer 21

> religious reformation (M-G’s would enforce Godly reformation)
failure of western design (