Chapter 8: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Flashcards
in middle childhood, children’s physical growth _______ from the frantic pace of early childhood
slows
during middle childhood, children typically acquire the motor skills that will foster _______________, ____________ _________, and a sense of ________________
independence, academic success, and a sense of competence
adrenarche
the first hormonal changes preparing the body for puberty, typically occurring between ages 5 and 9
secondary sex characteristics
the physical markers of what makes people look like adult males or females after puberty. Secondary sex characteristics include pubic hair, facial hair, the adam’s apple and breasts
primary sex characteristics
the physical markers that babies are typically born with, like genitals
experts recommend that children aged 6-12 get ___ and ___ hours of sleep at night
9 and 12
concrete operations
Piaget believed that children’s logical thinking abilities gradually improve throughout middle childhood
seriation
the ordering of objects in a series according to an abstract rule
selective attention
their ability to control their focus, improves dramatically over middle childhood, but it is still not at adult levels
semantic memory
the mental store for facts and information
rehearsal
a memorization technique that involves repetition, either out loud, in your head, in front of someone else, or on paper
elaboration
adding information to the facts you need to remember so that they become more detailed and easier to recall
metamemory
the awareness of the process of remembering
metacognition
awareness of how you are thinking and reflecting on it
IQ
a person’s score on a standardized intelligence test which, for most people, is between 85 and 115
theory of multiple intelligences
Gardner’s idea that intelligence is a broad set of discrete abilities and that all children have components of all these intelligences
theory of successful intelligence
Sternberg’s idea that intelligence can best be measured by how you create a successful life through three types of intelligence
pragmatics
knowing how to talk with other people including, what is appropriate to talk about, and how to interpret tone of voice, gestures, and other cues
literacy
reading and writing skills
numeracy
the ability to manipulate numbers and do arithmetic
phonics-based instruction
instruction that builds children’s reading skills by reinforcing the links between letters and their sounds
whole-language approach
instruction that is based on the idea that children will learn how to read more effectively in an environment that weaves literacy into everything they do
self-efficacy
the belief in one’s ability to make a change or have an impact
grit
the ability to persevere in order to achieve a long-term goal
specific learning disorders
difficulties with language development, reading, or arithmetic that lead to problems functioning in school or at home
intellectual disabilities
difficulties with academics, practical skills, or social relationships
gifted education
an academic program for children who may need advanced or specialized education in order to meet their potential
classification
the categorization and grouping of objects according to multiple dimensions
