Chapter 5: Social and Emotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

Erikson’s stages during infancy and toddlerhood

Answer 1

all human beings develop through a series of psychological crises:
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 2

trust vs mistrust

Answer 2

first crisis in which infants learn that the world is reliable
- birth to 18 months

Question 3

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 3

toddlers learn to balance their desire to be independent with their limitations and frequent missteps
- 18 months to 3 years

Question 4

proximal parenting

Answer 4

parents are often physically close, but not engaging in face-to-face contact

Question 5

distal parenting

Answer 5

often involves face-to-face contact with less physical closeness

Question 6

differential susceptibility

Answer 6

not all children react to adversity or to their environments in the same way

Question 7

first emotions to emerge in infants worlwide

Answer 7

1- distress
2- happiness
3- fear
4- anger

Question 8

emotional regulation

Answer 8

involves ability to manage emotions that are appropriate for the cultural context

Question 9

personality

Answer 9

includes habits of emotionally relating and responding to people and events in our lives

Question 10

temperament

Answer 10

is an early pattern of personality in infants and toddlers

Question 11

Three basic temperamental categories

Answer 11

1- easy
2- slow-to-warm-up
3- difficult

Question 12

goodness of fit (Chess and Thomas)

Answer 12

suggests that babies benefit from good match between their personalities and caregivers

Question 13

culture

Answer 13

plays an important role in how babies’ behavior is understood and how it shapes early infant temperament

Question 14

the first years of life is a sensitive period for the development of:

Answer 14

• attachment
• proximity seeking
• secure base
• internal working model

Question 15

John Bowlby

Answer 15

helped develop attachment theory, emphasized the importance of early relationships in creating emotional resilience across the lifespan

Question 16

Mary Ainsworth (Bowlby’s colleague)

Answer 16

explored individual differences in attachment; developed a categorization of attachment styles and created a test to assess how children investigated the world around them to respond to stress

Question 17

basic emotions

Answer 17

basic emotions are universal but the expressions of emotions and their developmental progression are culturally dependent

Question 18

social smile

Answer 18

a smile in reaction to the sight of someone an infant is connected to

Question 19

stranger anxiety

Answer 19

babies demonstration of caution around new people which emerges by about 8 months

Question 20

social referencing

Answer 20

the use of someone else’s emotional response as a guide before expressing your own reaction to a new place, person, or object

Question 21

self-awareness

Answer 21

the understanding that you have a self that is separate from others

Question 22

emotional contagion

Answer 22

the tendency to mimic feelings we observe in others

Question 23

prosocially

Answer 23

behaviors that are helpful or caring toward someone else

Question 24

empathy

Answer 24

the ability to identify with someone else’s feelings

Question 25

emotional regulation

Answer 25

the ability to manage your feelings in a way that is appropriate to your community circumstances

Question 26

core ideas about characteristics of an ideal parent

Answer 26

• responsiveness
• sensitivity
• positivity

Question 27

types of attachment: reaction to strange situation

Answer 27

• secure attachments
• insecurely attached
• insecure-resistant attachment
• insecure-avoidant attachment
• disorganized attachment

Question 28

responsiveness

Answer 28

the idea that a caregiver should acknowledge and react to an infant’s bids for attention

Question 29

proximity seeking

Answer 29

the tendency for children (and adults) to seek comfort by being physically close to someone they are attached to

Question 30

secure base

Answer 30

in attachment theory, a safe haven for children to return to when they may feel anxious

Question 31

internal working model

Answer 31

in attachment theory, the idea that our early habits of relating to our caregivers create a pattern of relating that we will use later on in our lives

Question 32

secure attachments

Answer 32

in attachment theory, children who have a sense of trust in their caregivers that allows them to explore their environment

Question 33

insecurely attached

Answer 33

in attachment theory, children who have not established a sense of trust in their caregivers to soothe them when they are upset

Question 34

insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 34

in attachment theory, a form of insecure attachment characterized by babies’ angry and hostile responses to their caregiver who they perceive as inconsistent and unreliable

Question 35

insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 35

in attachment theory, a form of insecure attachment characterized by babies’ emotional distance from their caregivers, who they perceive as being unable to soothe them

Question 36

disorganized attachment

Answer 36

in attachment theory, children who have unusual responses in the strange situation procedure and who may be afraid of their caregivers

Question 37

inhibtion

Answer 37

the ability to control impulses, thoughts, emotions, or behaviors