Chapter 5: Social and Emotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Flashcards
Erikson’s stages during infancy and toddlerhood
all human beings develop through a series of psychological crises:
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame and doubt
trust vs mistrust
first crisis in which infants learn that the world is reliable
- birth to 18 months
autonomy vs shame and doubt
toddlers learn to balance their desire to be independent with their limitations and frequent missteps
- 18 months to 3 years
proximal parenting
parents are often physically close, but not engaging in face-to-face contact
distal parenting
often involves face-to-face contact with less physical closeness
differential susceptibility
not all children react to adversity or to their environments in the same way
first emotions to emerge in infants worlwide
1- distress
2- happiness
3- fear
4- anger
emotional regulation
involves ability to manage emotions that are appropriate for the cultural context
personality
includes habits of emotionally relating and responding to people and events in our lives
temperament
is an early pattern of personality in infants and toddlers
Three basic temperamental categories
1- easy
2- slow-to-warm-up
3- difficult
goodness of fit (Chess and Thomas)
suggests that babies benefit from good match between their personalities and caregivers
culture
plays an important role in how babies’ behavior is understood and how it shapes early infant temperament
the first years of life is a sensitive period for the development of:
- attachment
- proximity seeking
- secure base
- internal working model
John Bowlby
helped develop attachment theory, emphasized the importance of early relationships in creating emotional resilience across the lifespan
Mary Ainsworth (Bowlby’s colleague)
explored individual differences in attachment; developed a categorization of attachment styles and created a test to assess how children investigated the world around them to respond to stress
basic emotions
basic emotions are universal but the expressions of emotions and their developmental progression are culturally dependent
social smile
a smile in reaction to the sight of someone an infant is connected to
stranger anxiety
babies demonstration of caution around new people which emerges by about 8 months
social referencing
the use of someone else’s emotional response as a guide before expressing your own reaction to a new place, person, or object
self-awareness
the understanding that you have a self that is separate from others
emotional contagion
the tendency to mimic feelings we observe in others
prosocially
behaviors that are helpful or caring toward someone else
empathy
the ability to identify with someone else’s feelings
emotional regulation
the ability to manage your feelings in a way that is appropriate to your community circumstances
core ideas about characteristics of an ideal parent
- responsiveness
- sensitivity
- positivity
types of attachment: reaction to strange situation
- secure attachments
- insecurely attached
- insecure-resistant attachment
- insecure-avoidant attachment
- disorganized attachment
responsiveness
the idea that a caregiver should acknowledge and react to an infant’s bids for attention
proximity seeking
the tendency for children (and adults) to seek comfort by being physically close to someone they are attached to
secure base
in attachment theory, a safe haven for children to return to when they may feel anxious
internal working model
in attachment theory, the idea that our early habits of relating to our caregivers create a pattern of relating that we will use later on in our lives
secure attachments
in attachment theory, children who have a sense of trust in their caregivers that allows them to explore their environment
insecurely attached
in attachment theory, children who have not established a sense of trust in their caregivers to soothe them when they are upset
insecure-resistant attachment
in attachment theory, a form of insecure attachment characterized by babies’ angry and hostile responses to their caregiver who they perceive as inconsistent and unreliable
insecure-avoidant attachment
in attachment theory, a form of insecure attachment characterized by babies’ emotional distance from their caregivers, who they perceive as being unable to soothe them
disorganized attachment
in attachment theory, children who have unusual responses in the strange situation procedure and who may be afraid of their caregivers
inhibtion
the ability to control impulses, thoughts, emotions, or behaviors