Chapter 1: The Science of Human Development Flashcards
Lifespan development
the changes and stability that happens between birth and death
The major periods of lifespan development
1- prenatal period
2- infant and toddler years
3- early childhood
4- middle childhood
5- adolescence
6- early adulthood
7- middle adulthood
8- late adulthood
The prenatal period
the period before birth; plays an important role in later development, influencing health and psychological development
The infant and toddler years
the first two and a half years; begin to move on their own
Early childhood
years between 2 1/2 and 6; manage their own behavior and emotions
Middle childhood
the period between 6 and 12; making friends and excelling in school
Adolescence
the period between 11 or 12 to young adult
Early adulthood
from about 18 to 30
Middle adulthood
lasting from 30s to 60s; longest stage; establishes an independent identity
Late adulthood
from around 60s to 80s to death
Developmental science
the systematic study of how humans grow and the underlying processes that create change over time
Developmental science is both
interdisciplinary and international
The Domains of development
1- physical development
2- cognitive development
3- social development
Physical development
how people’s bodies change and the impact of health on well-being
Cognitive Development
how our thinking and reasoning abilities change overtime
Social development
how we relate to other people, including family, romantic partners, and community
John Locke
(1632-1704); child as “blank slate”
Jean Jacques Rousseau
(1712-1778); child is born good but corrupted by the world
Ibn al-Haytham
(late 1500s); espoused rigorous experimental study; adapted by European scientists into scientific methods
Mid-1800s and beyond
foundations for modern disciplines developed
Context
refers to the broad external factors that surround each of us
Bioecological model
describes the environments that affect development as being organized into a series of nested systems
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory of Development
- macrosystem
- exosystem
- mesosystem
- microsystem
- the individual (person)
Macrosystem
attitudes and ideologies of the culture
Exosystem
includes the institutions that structure our community, such as media and governmental institutions
Mesosystem
the interactions of the various systems
Microsystem
the closest people and institutions that influence a person’s life include family, friends, school, as well as healthcare providers
The individual (person)
- sex
- age
- health
Adaptive culture
- traditions
- legacies
- histories
Competencies
- communicative
- cognitive
- coping skills
Family
- structure
- beliefs
- socioeconomic status
Environmental institutions
- schools
- neighborhoods
- health care systems
Individual characteristics
- personality
- health
- physical
Culture
the ideas, beliefs, and social practices that a group of people shares
Yosso’s Community cultural wealth
skills and abilities to navigate social institutions; includes areas of strength and resilience
Forms of cultural strength that contribute to resilience
- aspirational capital
- linguistic capital
- familial capital
- social capital
- navigational capital
- resistant capital
Aspirational capital
the ability to maintain hopes and dreams
Linguistic capital
refers to communication skills
Familial capital
a sense of togetherness, caring, and connection, bringing together a community’s memories and cultural knowledge
Social capital
networks of peers and other social contacts that provide support for navigating society
Navigational capital
skills for maneuvering through social institutions that were not typically created for diverse communities to have a history of structural exclusion
Resistant capital
knowledge and skills developed in practices that challenge inequality and subordination
Plasticity
the idea that human development is moldable, like plastic, by experience
4 major themes pervade developmental science
1- each person’s development is a complex interaction between them and the world
2- the process of development is universal but also unique to each person
3- culture and community context are critical
4- change is constant
nature
the influence of genetics on development
nurture
the influence of experience on development
birth cohorts
the categories that experts use to group people from different generations
intersectionality
refers to the fact that we all have multiple, intersecting cultural identities
cultural humility
openness to cultural diversity and a self-awareness of your own cultural background
developmental niche
a person’s cultural environment, material setting, and beliefs of their family
ethnotheories
parents’ ideas or beliefs about children’s development
independent communities
communities that value individual rights (also known as autonomy)
individualistic communities
communities that have strong traditions of valuing the individual over larger groups, communities, or families
collectivist communities
communities that place more value on relatedness and closeness and tend to value the family or the group over the individual
maturation
the genetically programmed growth that drives many aspects of development
sensitive periods
the times in the lifespan when growth is particularly responsive to input from the world
continuous growth
a model of change that is relatively constant and stable
discontinuous growth
a model of change that is more irregular and unstable, happening in sprints and pauses
discontinuous growth can happen in discrete ___________ where development changes dramatically
stages
epigenetics
area of study that examines characteristics changed by the environment
resilience
ability to bounce back and recover despite difficult times
