Chapter 7: Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

INITIATIVE VS GUILT erikson’s theory of early childhood development

Answer 1

• 3-5 years
• children have abundant initiative, or enthusiasm, to try new things and do them independently and often experience disappointment when they do things incorrectly

Question 2

psychological disorders

Answer 2

a pattern of feelings, thinking, or behaviors that causes distress and makes it difficult to function

Question 3

during early childhood, children become more ________________ when it comes to managing their feelings, rather than depending on others to help calm them down

Answer 3

self-regulated

Question 4

emotional socialization

Answer 4

the process of learning how to express feelings in a way that is appropriate for your culture

Question 5

ethnotheories

Answer 5

families’ beliefs about why emotions happen and how to display them

Question 6

gender roles

Answer 6

the social and cultural ideas a person holds about appropriate behaviors or roles of people based on their gender

Question 7

gender schemas

Answer 7

a framework for understanding the world in terms of cultural expectations related to gender identity

Question 8

sex

Answer 8

refers to the biological markers that relates to reproductive characteristics

Question 9

gender

Answer 9

refers to cultural and social ideas about men, women, and less binary distinctions

Question 10

gender identity

Answer 10

refers to your sense of yourself as male, female, or something that is less binary

Question 11

gender expression

Answer 11

describes how people display their gender in terms of their name, pronouns, or characteristics such as hairstyle

Question 11

authoritative parenting

Answer 11

type of caregiving associated with confident and successful children in which caregivers have high expectations for their children’s behavior, but they are also warm and communicative

Question 12

authoritarian parenting

Answer 12

A type of caregiving in which caregivers have high expectations for their children’s behavior but very little warmth. Authoritarian parents make rules and expect their children to obey them

Question 13

permissive parenting

Answer 13

Caregiving without rules. Permissive parents have low expectations for children’s behavior but a high degree of affection

Question 14

neglectful parenting

Answer 14

Caregiving without warmth or expectations. Children from neglectful families are at high risk for emotional and behavioral difficulties as they grow up

Question 15

discipline

Answer 15

caregiving practices or strategies used to teach children how to behave by setting rules, encouraging good behavior, and discouraging missteps

Question 16

power-assertive techniques

Answer 16

disciplinary strategies that rely on parents’ control

Question 17

inductive reasoning

Answer 17

a disciplinary approach that relies on motivating children to change their behavior through talk

Question 18

maltreatment

Answer 18

the general term scholars use to describe the many types of abuse and neglect of children by adults who are responsible for them

Question 19

abuse

Answer 19

the legal term used to describe the most serious types of harm to children, which can be physical, emotional, sexual, or neglectful

Question 20

between the ages of __ and __ children spend more time playing than they ever will again

Answer 20

2 1/2 and 5

Question 21

parallel play

Answer 21

when children play physically close together cut are not working on a shared project

Question 22

cooperative play

Answer 22

playing together on a joint project

Question 23

functional play

Answer 23

Play that has a goal or achievement orientation, such as art, puzzles, rule-based games, and physical skills such as hopping, climbing, etc

Question 24

constructive play

Answer 24

play that involves all forms of creativity

Question 25

sociodramatic play

Answer 25

Play that involves pretending to be something you are not and requires symbolic thought and theory of mind

Question 26

rough-and-tumble play

Answer 26

physically active play where children chase, play fight, and wrestle

Question 27

relational aggression

Answer 27

using words and relationships to hurt another person socially or emotionally

Question 28

reactive aggression

Answer 28

a hostile action out of frustration or anger in an immediate reaction to something that has just happened

Question 29

proactive aggression

Answer 29

aggression that is planned and executed on purpose to gain personal advantage (sometimes called instrumental aggression)