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Psychology 203: Human Growth and Development > Chapter 2: Theories and Methods of Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Theories and Methods of Human Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Theory

A

an organized set of ideas that helps scientists think about what they observe

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2
Q

Biological perspective

A

psychological and behavioral development begins with roots in our brain, our genes, and innate instincts

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3
Q

Biological perspective theories

A
  • evolution
  • ethological
  • epigenetic
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4
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

all life, and some behaviors, develop and change to adapt to the environment over generations through natural selection

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5
Q

Ethological theory

A

human behaviors are universal, innate, and gene-based

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6
Q

Epigenetic theory

A

physical, inborn, genetic characteristics are changed by our environments

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7
Q

Maslow

A

suggested most people struggle to balance and satisfy needs throughout life; developed a list of what motivates humans

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8
Q

Maslow’s Biological List of Needs from the bottom of the pyramid to the top

A
  • physiological needs
  • safety needs
  • belongingness and love needs
  • esteem needs
  • self-actualization
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9
Q

Psychosexual Theory (Freud)

A

development progresses through five psychosexual stages as unconscious physical urges are mastered

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10
Q

Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)

A

early experiences and social interaction play a crucial role as people move through eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan

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11
Q

Attachment theory (Bowlby; Ainsworth)

A

close emotional bonds between infants and their caregivers are essential to development

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12
Q

Bowlby

A

humans have a biological need to be attached and nurtured in early life

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13
Q

Ainsworth

A

developed and elaborated on the attachment theory

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14
Q

Watson

A

all babies are born equally capable; children learn everything they know; classical conditioning

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15
Q

Skinner

A

behavior is more likely to happen with rewards and less likely to occur with punishment; operant conditioning

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16
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

learning involves thinking and reasoning; the most important part of learning is often other people; social relationships

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17
Q

Bandura

A

people model behavior and can learn new behaviors through observation and imitation

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18
Q

Cognitive Development Theory (Piaget)

A

cognitive growth is the result of active world exploration; children’s thinking matures in distinct stages as they actively construct and build what they know

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19
Q

Information processing theory

A

focuses on the development of thinking and understanding by describing how a person pays attention, remembers, and reacts to the world, similar to how a computer processes information

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20
Q

The cultural perspective (Vygotsky; Rogoff and others)

A

child learning is based on interactions with other people in a cultural context

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21
Q

Cross-cultural research

A

focuses on comparing human maturation around the world

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22
Q

Cultural research

A

identifies variations within communities

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23
Q

Theories of Social Justice

A

evaluate how social inequality and discrimination affect us and how cultural identity aids in thriving

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24
Q

Scientific Method

A

multistep process in which scientists evaluate their ideas and find out if they are accurate through collecting and analyzing data

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25
Q

Steps of the scientific method

A

1- make an observation
2- form a hypothesis
3- collect the data
4- analyze the data
5- share it

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26
Q

Experimental Research

A

experiment tests the hypothesis that one factor is caused by another

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27
Q

Factors are known as

A

variables

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28
Q

Independent variable

A

a factor that is tested to see if it causes change in another variable; can be changed by researcher

29
Q

Dependent variable

A

a factor that is measured during the experiment to determine the effect of the independent variable

30
Q

Traditional display data

A
  • bar graphs
  • line graphs
  • pie charts
31
Q

Alternative display data

A
  • maps
  • word clouds
  • biological figures
32
Q

Correlational research

A

researchers gather data and look for relationships between variables but do not manipulate them

33
Q

Correlation

A

refers to the statistical relationship between two study variables

34
Q

Positive correlation

A

occurs if both variables tend to increase or decrease together

35
Q

Negative correlation

A

occurs if one variable tends to increase while the other decreases

36
Q

Zero correlation

A

no connection is evident

37
Q

Case study

A

is an in-depth analysis of one person, family, or institution’s experience

38
Q

Ethnography

A

a longer, richly detailed investigation of everyday life

39
Q

Longitudinal research

A

the study of the development of a group of people over time

40
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

study that compares development in two or more groups of different ages at one point in time

41
Q

Cross-sequential research

A

follows two or more different age groups over time in a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs

42
Q

Microgenetic research

A

studies change as it happens

43
Q

freud’s ORAL stage of psychosexual development

A
  • birth to age 1
  • babies learn how to manage the urge to feed and stimulate their mouth
44
Q

freud’s ANAL stage of psychosexual development

A
  • about ages 1-3
  • toddlers learn to balance the pleasure and challenge of controlling their elimination during toilet training
45
Q

freud’s PHALIC stage of psychosexual development

A
  • about ages 3-6
  • children learn that they can derive pleasure from their genitals and adjust to society’s gender roles
46
Q

freud’s LATENCY stage of psychosexual development

A
  • about ages 6-12
  • children’s sexual drives are temporarily quiet as they transfer that energy into learning and education until puberty
47
Q

freud’s GENITAL stage of psychosexual development

A
  • about ages 12+
  • adolescents can satisfy their sexual desires with romantic partners and take on adult responsibilities at work and in loving relationships
48
Q

TRUST VS MISTRUST stage of erikson’s psychosocial development

A
  • birth to about 18 months
  • the infant’s conflict concerns whether or not the world feels safe
49
Q

AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT stage of erikson’s psychosocial development

A

-about 18 months to age 3
- toddlers strive to be independent as they learn to walk, talk, and feed themselves

50
Q

INITIATIVE VS GUILT stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development

A
  • about 3 to 6 years old
  • preschoolers are eager to try new things and to be “big”
51
Q

INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY stage of erikson’s psychosocial development

A
  • about 8 to 12 years old
  • by middle childhood. children are ready to work at what their culture values
52
Q

IDENTITY VS CONFUSION stage of erikson’s psychosocial development

A
  • about 12 to 19
  • adolescents’ central task is to actively discover their own identity
53
Q

INTIMACY VS ISOLATION stage of erikson’s psychosocial development

A
  • about 20 to 39
  • young adults begin a search for intimacy
54
Q

GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION stage of erikson’s psychosocial development

A
  • about 39 to 60
  • the focus moves to become generative or productive
55
Q

EGO INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR stage of erikson’s psychosocial development

A
  • about 60 till death
  • reflect on their lives and evaluate their successes and failures
56
Q

SENSORIMOTOR stage of piaget’s cognitive development

A
  • birth to 2
  • infants use their senses and physical abilities to explore the world
57
Q

PREOPERATIONAL stage of piaget’s cognitive development

A
  • about 2 to 6 or 7
  • Young children can communicate with language, use their imagination, and think symbolically
58
Q

CONCRETE OPERATIONAL stage of piaget’s cognitive development

A
  • about 6 or 7 to 11 or 12
  • this stage is about logic
59
Q

FORMAL OPERATIONAL stage of piaget’s cognitive development

A
  • about age 11 through adulthood
  • involves grasping abstract or hypothetical ideas, concepts, and scenarios
60
Q

validity

A

a measure or assessment actually measures what it claims to measure

61
Q

reliability

A

a particular assessment stays consistent with multiple measurements

62
Q

replicability

A

the results of a study can be confirmed or clarified by repeating it with another group of participants

63
Q

WEIRD

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic cultures

64
Q

ethology

A

the theory some human behaviors are universal and innate despite the wide diversity in human beings around the world

65
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

emphasis on how human behaviors are based on satisfying innate and often subconscious, biological needs for connection, protection, and love

66
Q

schema

A

each bit of knowledge a person develops

67
Q

sociocultural theory

A

observes that culture plays a role in every part of human development

68
Q

hypothesis

A

a prediction about what a researcher expects to find from the data

Psychology 203: Human Growth and Development (13 decks)

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